Editing 1990s (section)

===International wars===
*The Congo Wars began in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.queensu.ca/cidp/publications/martello-papers|title=EUFOR RD Congo: A Misunderstood Operation?|last=Fritsch|first=Helmut|publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston]]|date=2008|series=Martello Papers|volume=33|pages=5–6, 8|isbn=978-1-55339-101-2}}</ref>
**The [[First Congo War]] (24 October 1996 – 16 May 1997) resulted in the overthrow of dictator [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], following his 32-year rule of [[Zaire]], which was then renamed the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].
**The [[Second Congo War]] (August 1998 – July 2003) started in [[Central Africa]] and involved multiple nearby nations.
*The [[Gulf War]] (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991).
**Iraq was left in severe debt after the [[Iran–Iraq War]] in the 1980s. President [[Saddam Hussein]] accused [[Kuwait]] of flooding the oil market, therefore driving down prices. As a result, Iraqi forces [[invasion of Kuwait|invaded and conquered Kuwait]]. 
**The UN ([[United Nations]]) immediately condemned the action and a coalition force led by the [[United States]] was sent to the [[Persian Gulf]]. [[Gulf War air campaign|Aerial bombing of Iraq]] began in January 1991, and one month later, the UN forces drove the Iraqi army from Kuwait in four days.
*Two wars were fought in the region of [[Chechnya]]:
**The [[First Chechen War]] (1994–1996) was a conflict between the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]]. After the initial campaign of 1994–1995, culminating in the devastating [[Battle of Grozny (August 1996)|Battle of Grozny]], Russian federal forces attempted to seize control of the mountainous area of Chechnya. Despite Russia's overwhelming manpower, weaponry, and [[air support]], they were set back by Chechen [[guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]] and raids on the flatlands. The resulting widespread demoralization of Russian federal forces, and the universal{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} opposition of the Russian public to the conflict, led [[Boris Yeltsin]]'s government to declare a [[ceasefire]] in 1996 and sign a [[peace treaty]] a year later.
**The [[Second Chechen War]] (1999 – 2009) was started by the Russian Federation in response to the [[Invasion of Dagestan (1999)|1999 invasion of Dagestan]] and the [[Russian apartment bombings]], which were blamed on the Chechens. In this military campaign, Russian forces largely recaptured the separatist region of Chechnya{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} and the outcome of the First Chechen War – in which the region gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria – was essentially reversed.
*The [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War]] (1998–2000) was commenced by the invasion of Ethiopia by Eritrea due to a territorial dispute.<ref>{{cite news |date=2005-12-21 |title=International commission: Eritrea triggered the border war with Ethiopia |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4548754.stm |access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref> The conflict resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides<ref name="Tens-of-thousands">Tens of thousands [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1053983.stm Eritrea: Final deal with Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224212710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1053983.stm |date=24 February 2006 }} BBC 4 December 2000
* [http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/07/news/eritrea.php Eritrea orders Westerners in UN mission out in 10 days] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619042941/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/07/news/eritrea.php |date=19 June 2008 }}, [[International Herald Tribune]], 7 December 2005</ref> and a peace agreement in December 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-12-11 |title=Horn peace deal: Full text |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1066401.stm |access-date=2021-12-30}}</ref>
*The [[Kargil War]] (1999) began in May when Pakistan covertly sent troops to occupy strategic peaks in [[Kashmir]]. A month later, the [[Kargil War]] with India resulted in a political fiasco for Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]], followed by a Pakistani military withdrawal to the [[Line of Control]]. The incident led to a Pakistani [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup]] in October, in which Sharif was ousted by [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Army Chief]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]. This conflict remains the only war fought between the two declared nuclear powers.

[[File:Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Greece–Bosnia and Herzegovina Friendship Building|Executive council building]] burns in [[Sarajevo]] after being hit by Bosnian Serb artillery in the [[Bosnian War]].]]
*The [[Yugoslav Wars]] (1991–1995) followed the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], beginning on 25 June 1991, after the republics of [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]] declared independence from [[Yugoslavia]]. These wars were notorious for war crimes and human rights violations, including [[ethnic cleansing]] and [[genocide]], with the overwhelming majority of casualties being Muslim [[Bosniaks]].
**The [[Ten-Day War]] (1991) was a brief military conflict between Slovenian TO ([[Slovenian Territorial Defence]]) and the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] ("JNA") following [[Slovenia]]'s declaration of independence.
**The [[Croatian War of Independence]] (1991–1995) was fought in modern-day [[Croatia]] between the Croatian government (having declared independence from the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]) and both the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] ("JNA") and [[Serbs of Croatia|Serb]] forces, who established the self-proclaimed [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] ("RSK") within Croatia.
**The [[Bosnian War]] (1992–1995) involved several [[ethnicity|ethnically]]-defined factions within [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]: [[Bosniaks]], [[Serbs]], and [[Croats]], as well as [[Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia|a smaller Bosniak faction led by Fikret Abdić]]. The [[Siege of Sarajevo]] (1992–1995) marked the most violent [[urban warfare]] in Europe since [[World War II]] at that time, as [[Serbs|Serb]] forces bombarded and attacked Bosnian-controlled and populated areas of the city. War crimes occurred, including [[ethnic cleansing]] and the destruction of civilian property.
**The final fighting in the Croatian and Bosnian wars ended in 1995 with the success of Croatian military offensives against Serb forces. This led to the mass exodus of [[Serbs]] from Croatia, Serb losses to Croat and Bosniak forces, and the signing of the [[Dayton Agreement]], which internally partitioned Bosnia and Herzegovina into a [[Republika Srpska]] and a [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosniak-Croat Federation]].
*The [[Kosovo War]] (1998–1999) was a war between Albanian separatists and Yugoslav military and Serb paramilitary forces in [[Kosovo]]. That conflict began in 1996 and escalated in 1998, with increasing reports of atrocities.
**In 1999, the [[NATO]], led by the United States, launched [[1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|air attacks]] against [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (then composed of only [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]]) to pressure the Yugoslav government to end its military operations against Albanian separatists in [[Kosovo]]. The intervention lacked UN approval yet was justified by NATO based on accusations of war crimes committed by Yugoslav military forces working alongside nationalist Serb paramilitary groups. Finally, after months of bombing, Yugoslavia conceded to NATO's demands, and NATO forces (later UN peacekeeping forces) occupied Kosovo.
*The [[South African Border War]] (1990) was a border war between [[Zambia]], [[Angola]], and [[Namibia]] that began in 1966 and ended in 1990.