Editing 1616 (section)

=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]] – King [[James VI and I|James I of England]] attends the [[masque]] ''[[The Golden Age Restored]]'', a satire by [[Ben Jonson]] on fallen court favorite the [[Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset|Earl of Somerset]]. The king asks for a repeat performance on [[January 6]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Research Opportunities in Renaissance Drama: The Report of the Modern Language Association Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1J6RAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Northwestern University Press|page=36}}</ref>
* [[January 3]] – In the court of [[James I of England]], the king's favorite [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham|George Villiers]] becomes [[Master of the Horse]] (encouraging development of the [[thoroughbred]] horse); on [[April 24]] he receives the [[Order of the Garter]]; and on [[August 27]] he is created Viscount Villiers and Baron Waddon, receiving a grant of land valued at £80,000. In [[1617]], he will be made [[Earl of Buckingham]]. After the [[William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke|Earl of Pembroke]], he is the second richest nobleman in [[Kingdom of England|England]].
* [[January 10]] – English diplomat Sir [[Thomas Roe]] presents his [[credentials]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]], in [[Ajmer]] Fort, opening the door to the [[British India|British presence in India]].<ref>Jehângïr's period of stay at Ajmer was from 5 Shawwäl 1022 to 1 Zil-qä'da 1025 equivalent to November 8, 1613, to October 31, 1616.</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Michael|last=Strachan|title=Roe, Sir Thomas (1581–1644)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23943|access-date=2012-10-09|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/23943}} </ref> Roe sailed in the ''Lyon'' under the command of captain [[Christopher Newport]], best known for his role in the [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia colonies]].
* [[January 12]] – The city of [[Belém]], Brazil is founded on the [[Amazon River]] delta, by Portuguese captain [[Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco]], who had previously taken the city of [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]] in [[Maranhão]] from the French.
* [[January 15]] – After overwintering with the [[Wyandot people|Huron Indians]], [[Samuel de Champlain]] and Recollect Father [[Joseph Le Caron]] visit the [[Petun]] and [[Ottawa Indians]] of the [[Great Lakes]]. This is Champlain's last trip in North America before returning to France. Having secured Canada, he helps create [[French America]], [[New France]], or [[L'Acadie]].
* [[January 29]] – [[Netherlands|Dutch]] captain [[Willem Schouten]], in the ''Eendracht'', rounds the southern tip of South America, and names it [[Cape Horn|''Kaap Hoorn'']], after his birthplace in [[Holland]].
* January – 8-year-old [[António Vieira]] arrives from Portugal with his parents in [[Bahia]] (modern-day [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]) in [[Colonial Brazil]], where he will become a [[diplomacy|diplomat]], noted author, leading figure of the [[Catholic Church|Church]], and protector of Brazilian [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]], in an age of intolerance.
* [[February 1]] – [[James I of England]] grants [[Ben Jonson]] an annual pension of 100 [[Mark (money)|mark]]s, making him ''de facto'' [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|poet laureate]].<ref name="DNB Jonson">{{cite ODNB|first=Ian|last=Donaldson|title=Jonson, Benjamin (1572–1637)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15116|access-date=2012-10-09|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/15116}}</ref>
* [[February 17]] – Manchurian leader [[Nurhaci|Qing Tai Zu]], referred to in the west as "Nurhaci", declares himself [[Khan (title)|khan]] and crowns himself as Emperor of China, founding the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]].
* [[February 18]] - Preparing the declaration of independence from the colony of the Hashimi Empire, namely the Arya Bayu Kingdom by Khan Nasaruddin II, who was crowned in [[Mecca]],[[Medina]], and [[Isfahan]].
* [[February 19]] – The first recorded [[eruption]] of [[Mayon Volcano]], the [[Philippines]]' most active [[volcano]], takes place.<ref name="volcano.si.edu">Event dated with reference to historical documents. {{cite web|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|title=Global Volcanism Program|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/|access-date=2008-03-12|archive-date=October 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024175830/http://volcano.si.edu/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[February 24]] – A commission of [[Roman Catholic]] theologians, the "Qualifiers," reports that the idea that the Sun is stationary is "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture...".
* [[February 26]] – Astronomer [[Galileo Galilei]] appears before Cardinal [[Robert Bellarmine|Roberto Bellarmino]] and "warned of the error of the [[Copernicus|Copernican]] opinion taught by him", and [[injunction|enjoined]] by the Catholic Church against any attempt to hold, teach or defend the position of Copernicus that the Sun is stationary rather than revolving around the Earth "in any way whatsoever, verbally or in writing."<ref name=Holden>"Galileo", by Edward S. Holden, ''The Popular Science Monthly'' (May, 1905) p.66, 68</ref>
* [[February 28]] – In the aftermath of the [[1613]]–[[1614]] anti-Jewish [[pogrom]] called the [[Fettmilch uprising]] in [[Frankfurt]], Germany, mob leader [[Vincenz Fettmilch]] is beheaded, but the Jews, who had been expelled from the city on August 23, 1614, following the plundering of the [[Judengasse]], can return only as a result of direct intervention by [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]]. After long negotiations, the Jews are left without any compensation for their plundered belongings.
* [[February]] – English merchants of the [[East India Company]] complain that the great troubles and wars in Japan since their arrival have put them to much pains and charges. Two great cities, [[Osaka]] and Sakaii, have been burned to the ground, each one almost as big as London, and not one house left standing, and it is reported above 300,000 men have lost their lives, “yet the old Emperor Ogusho Same hath prevailed and Fidaia Same either been slain or fled secretly away, that no news is to be heard of him.” [[Jesuits]], priests, and friars are banished by the emperor and their churches and [[monasteries]] pulled down; they put the fault on the arrival of the English; it is said if Fidaia Same had prevailed against the emperor, he promised them entrance again, when without doubt all the English would have been driven out of Japan.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=East Indies: February 1616|title=Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies, China and Japan: 1513–1616|volume=2|year=1864|pages=457–461|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=68785|access-date=2008-03-01}}</ref>
* [[March 5]] – ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]]'', written by [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] in [[1543]] is placed on the [[Index of Forbidden Books]], by the [[Congregation of the Index]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] "until corrected".<ref>''The Pontifical Decrees against the Motion of the Earth, Considered in their Bearing on the Theory of Advanced Ultramontanism'' (Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1870) pp.5-6</ref>
* [[March 11]]
** [[Galileo Galilei]] meets [[Pope Paul V]] in person, to discuss his position as a defender of Copernicus' [[heliocentrism]]. The Pope promises Galileo safety from any enemies, and Galileo complies for the next seven years with the injunction against teaching Copernican doctrines.<ref name=Holden/>
** English [[Roman Catholic]] [[priest]], [[Thomas Atkinson (priest)|Thomas Atkinson]], is [[hanged, drawn, and quartered]] at [[York]], at age 70 (he will be [[Saint|beatified]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] on November 22, 1987).
* [[March 19]]
**Sir [[Walter Ralegh]], English explorer of the [[New World]], is released from prison in the [[Tower of London]], where he has been imprisoned for treason, in order to conduct a second (ill-fated) expedition, in search of [[El Dorado]] in South America.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
**''[[The Scornful Lady]],'' a comedy stage play written by [[Francis Beaumont]] and [[John Fletcher (playwright)|John Fletcher]], is published.
* [[March 26]]–[[August 30]] – English explorer [[William Baffin]], as pilot to [[Robert Bylot]] on the ''[[Discovery (1602 ship)|Discovery]]'', makes a detailed exploration of [[Baffin Bay]], whilst searching for the [[Northwest Passage]].<ref name="The People's Chronology">{{cite book|chapter=1616|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}</ref> The expedition also discovers [[Smith Sound]], [[Lancaster Sound]] and [[Devon Island]], and reaches [[latitude]] 77° 45' North, a record which holds for 236 years.
* [[March 31]] – Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] confers the title of [[Nur Jahan]] ('Light of the World') on his 20th wife.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|location=Washington, D.C.; New York|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art; Arthur M. Sackler Gallery; Smithsonian Institution; Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780195127188|orig-year=1829|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India|first=Ellison Banks|last=Findly|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2000|isbn=0-19-507488-2|page=94}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nath|first=Renuka|title=Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D.|year=1990|publisher=Inter-India Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788121002417|page=72}}</ref>
* [[March]] – [[Action of 1616]], La Goulette, [[Tunisia]]: A Spanish squadron under Francisco de Ribera defeats a Tunisian fleet.