Editing 1232 (section)

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Battle of Agridi]]: The Cypriot army under King [[Henry I of Cyprus|Henry I]] ("the Fat") defeats the Lombard forces of Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]. After the battle, [[John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut|John of Beirut]] (supported by funds from Henry), hires 13 [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] war-galleys to aid in the siege of [[Kyrenia]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 168. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>  
* [[July 16]] &ndash; [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad I]] is elected as ruler of the [[Taifa of Arjona]]. He revolts against [[Ibn Hud]], the independent ruler of [[Al-Andalus]], and takes control of the city, beginning the foundation of the [[Nasrid dynasty]].<ref name=linehan1999>{{cite book|author1-link=Peter Linehan|editor1-link=David Abulafia|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198–c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668–673|author=Linehan, Peter|editor=Abulafia, David|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}</ref>

==== England ====
* [[July 29]] &ndash; King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] dismisses his [[justiciar]] (chief justice minister) and regent [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]], and replaces him with the Frenchmen [[Peter des Roches]] and [[Peter de Rivaux]], thereby irritating his barons.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 138. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* Peter de Rivaux, nephew of Peter des Roches, is made [[Lord High Treasurer|Lord Treasurer]] of Henry III's household and keeper of the king's wardrobe. This moves him into an important position for controlling the king's affairs.
* The [[Domus Conversorum]] ("House of the Converts"), a building and institution in [[London]] for [[Judaism|Jewish]] converts to [[Christianity]], is established by Henry III.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Hospitals: Domus conversorum|title=A History of the County of London: Volume 1, London Within the Bars, Westminster and Southwark|editor=Page, William|location=London|year=1909|pages=551–4|via=British History Online|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/london/vol1/pp551-554|accessdate=2023-03-21}}</ref>

==== Africa ====
* The [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] army besieges the city of [[Ceuta]], where Abu Musa, rebellious brother of Caliph [[Idris al-Ma'mun]], has received shelter and the support of the population. The Genoese rent a part of their fleet to the rebels, who successfully resist the forces of the caliph. The consequences of this revolt are threefold: the city becomes ''[[de facto]]'' independent from the Almohads, but its reliance on the Italian maritime powers increases, and the [[Trans-Saharan trade]] routes begin to shift eastward, due to the local turmoil.<ref>Picard, Christophe (1997). ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe–XIIIe siècle''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</ref>

==== Mongol Empire ====
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Battle of Sanfengshan]]: The Mongol army (some 50,000 warriors) defeats the Chinese Jin forces near [[Yuzhou, Henan|Yuzhou]]. General [[Subutai]] successfully wipes out the last field army of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] – therefore sealing its fate of falling to the [[Mongol Empire]]. During the encounter, also called the Battle of the Three-Peak Mountain, Emperor [[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Aizong of Jin]] orders the Jin army (some 150,000 men) to intercept the Mongols. The Jin soldiers are constantly harassed by small groups of Mongol cavalry on the way. When they arrive at Sanfeng Mountain, the Jin army is hungry and exhausted by heavy snowfall. The Jin forces are quickly defeated by the Mongols and flee in all directions.
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty|Mongol–Jin War]]: The Mongol army led by [[Ögedei Khan]] and his brother [[Tolui]] begins the [[Siege of Kaifeng (1232)]], capital of the Chinese Jin dynasty. During the summer, the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]] try to end the siege by negotiating a peace treaty, but the assassination of a Mongol embassy makes further talks impossible. While the negotiations are going on, a plague is devastating the population of the city. In the meantime, supplies stored at Kaifeng are running out, and several residents of the city are executed on the suspicion that they are traitors.<ref>Franke, Herbert (1994). ''The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Allien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368'', p. 263. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-24331-5}}.</ref>
* June &ndash; [[Mongol invasions of Korea|Mongol invasion of Korea]]: [[Choe Woo]], Korean military dictator of [[Goryeo]], orders against the pleas of King [[Gojong of Goryeo|Gojong]] and his senior officials, the royal court, and most of [[Kaesong|Songdo]]'s population to be moved to [[Ganghwa Island]]. Woo starts the construction of strong defenses on Ganghwa Island, which becomes a fortress. The government orders the common people to flee the countryside and take refuge in major cities, mountain citadels, or nearby islands. The Mongols occupy much of northern [[Korea]], but fail to capture Ganghwa Island.
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Battle of Cheoin]]: Korean forces defeat a Mongol attack at Cheoin (modern-day [[Yongin]]). The Mongol Empire concludes a peace treaty with Goryeo and withdraws its forces.

==== Japan ====
* [[November 17]] &ndash; Emperor [[Emperor Go-Horikawa|Go-Horikawa]] abdicates in favor of his 1-year-old son, [[Emperor Shijō|Shijō]], after an 11-year reign. Because he is very young, most of the actual leadership is held by his relatives.