Editing 11th century (section)

==Events==

=== 1001–1009 ===
[[Image:Ewer birds Louvre MR333.jpg|thumb|upright|An 11th-century [[rock crystal]] ewer of [[Fatimid]] Egypt]]
* 1001: [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Muslim]] leader of [[Ghazni]], begins a series of raids into Northern [[India]]; he finishes in 1027 with the destruction of [[Somnath]].
* c. 1001: [[Norsemen]], led by [[Leif Eriksson]], establish short-lived settlements in and around [[Vinland]] in [[North America]].
* 1001–1008: Japanese Lady [[Murasaki Shikibu]] writes ''[[The Tale of Genji]].''
* 1001 ± 40 years: [[Baitoushan]] volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest [[Holocene]] blast.
* 1001: The ancient kingdom of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], through its King, Rajah Kiling, made contact with the Chinese, [[Song dynasty]] recorded the first appearance of Butuan tributary mission through Lijehan and Jiaminan at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD.
* 1003: [[Robert II of France]] invades the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], then ruled by [[Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy]]; the initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gains the acceptance of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in 1016 and annexes Burgundy into his realm.
* 1004: [[Song dynasty]] court prohibited [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] from exporting several items with their predilection due to issues on rules and regulation.
* 1004: The library and university [[Dar Al-Hekma]] is founded in Egypt under the [[Fatimid]]s.
* 1005: The [[Treaty of Shanyuan]] is signed between the [[China|Chinese]] [[Song dynasty]] and the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao dynasty]].
* 1006: King [[Dharmawangsa]]'s [[Mataram kingdom]] falls under the invasion of King Wurawari from Lwaram (highly possible [[Srivijaya]]n ally in Java).<ref name="Soekmono, R 1973, p.52">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52</ref>
* 1007: [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] king, Rajah Kiling through the ambassador I-hsu-han sent a formal memorial on [[Song dynasty]] Imperial court requesting equal status with [[Champa]] but the request was denied on the grounds that "Butuan is beneath Champa." due to Champa being an older tributary state since the 4th century.
* 1008: The [[Fatimid]] Egyptian sea captain Domiyat travels to the [[Buddhist]] pilgrimage site in [[Shandong]], China, to seek out the Chinese [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song]] with gifts from his ruling [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imam]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], successfully reopening [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the [[Tang dynasty]].
* 1009: [[Lý Thái Tổ]] overthrows the [[Anterior Lê dynasty]] of Vietnam, establishing the [[Lý dynasty]].
* 1009–1010: The Lombard known as [[Melus of Bari]] leads an insurrection against the Byzantine [[Catapanate of Italy|Catepan of Italy]], [[John Curcuas (catepan)|John Curcuas]], as the latter was killed in battle and replaced by [[Basil Mesardonites]], who brought Byzantine reinforcements.

===[[1010s]]===
[[Image:The Chronicle of Ioannis Skylitzis Bulagar Defeat.jpg|thumb|upright|Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]'']]
* 1010–1011: The [[Second Goryeo-Khitan War]]; the [[Korea]]n king is forced to flee the capital temporarily, but is unable to establish a foothold and fearing a counterattack, the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] forces withdrew.
* 1011–1021: [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen), a famous [[Iraq]]i [[Islamic science|scientist]] working in [[Egypt]], [[feigned madness|feigns madness]] in fear of angering the Egyptian [[caliph]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], and is kept under [[house arrest]] from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he writes his influential ''[[Book of Optics]]''.
* 1011: Under a new [[Raja]]h named Sri Bata Shaja, [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] finally succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with [[Champa]] after being denied in an older request made 4 years earlier to the [[Song dynasty]] court by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh.
* 1013: Danish king [[Sweyn Forkbeard]] conquers England.
* 1014: The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] armies of [[Basil II]] are victorious over [[Samuil of Bulgaria]] in the [[Battle of Kleidion]].
*1014: The [[Gaels|Gaelic]] forces of [[Munster]] and [[Gaelic Ireland|most other Irish kingdoms]] under [[List of High Kings of Ireland|High King]] [[Brian Boru]] defeat a combined Leinster-Viking force in the [[Battle of Clontarf]] but Brian Boru is killed at the end of the battle.
* 1014–1020: [[The Book of Healing]], a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, is written by [[Avicenna]], [[Persian people|Persian]] scholar.<ref name="Avicenna">{{Cite web|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ibn+Sina-REP.htm|title=index|website=www.muslimphilosophy.com}}</ref>
* 1015: In the [[Battle of Nesjar]] in [[Oslofjord]], Norway, the forces of [[Olaf II of Norway|Olav Haraldsson]] fought the forces of [[Sveinn Hákonarson]], with a victory for Olav.
* 1018: The [[First Bulgarian Empire]] is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
* 1018: The Byzantine armies of [[Basil Boioannes]] are victorious at the [[Battle of Cannae (1018)|Battle of Cannae]] against the [[Lombards]] under [[Melus of Bari]].
* 1018: The [[Third Goryeo-Khitan War]]; the [[Korea]]n General [[Kang Kam-ch'an]] inflicted heavy losses to [[Khitan people|Khitan]] forces at the [[Battle of Kwiju]]. The Khitans withdrew and both sides signed a peace treaty.
* 1019: [[Airlangga]] establishes the Kingdom of Kahuripan.<ref>Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.56</ref>

===[[1020s]]===
[[Image:Porcelaine chinoise Guimet 231104.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Celadon]] statue of an [[imperial guardian lion]] of the Chinese [[Song dynasty]], 11th or 12th century]]
* 1021: the ruling [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister [[Sitt al-Mulk]], which leads to the open persecution of the [[Druze]] by [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]]; the Druze proclaim that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as the [[Mahdi]] savior.
* 1025: the [[Chola dynasty]] of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of [[Srivijaya]], turning it into a [[vassal]].
* 1025: ruler [[Rajendra Chola I]] moves the capital city of the empire from [[Thanjavur]] to [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
* 1025: [[Rajendra Chola]], the [[Chola]] king from [[Coromandel Coast|Cholamandala]] in South India, conquers Pannai and [[Kedah|Kadaram]] from Srivijaya and occupies it for some time. The Cholas continue a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.<ref name="Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41">''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41''</ref>
* 1028: the King of [[Srivijaya]] appeals to the [[Song dynasty]] Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at [[Kaifeng]].

===[[1030s]]===
* 1030: [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] defeats [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]; after the war, Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers [[Leitha]] and [[Fischa]] to Hungary in the summer of 1031.
* 1030: the [[Battle of Stiklestad]] ([[Norway]]): [[Olaf II of Norway|Olav Haraldsson]] loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').
* 1030: [[Sanghyang Tapak inscription]] in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and [[Kingdom of Sunda]]. (to 1579)
* 1033: An [[1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake|earthquake strikes the Jordan Valley]], followed by a tsunami along the Mediterranean coast, killing tens of thousands.<ref name="Kallner-Amiran">{{cite journal |last1=Kallner-Amiran |first1=D. H. |title=A Revised Earthquake-Catalogue of Palestine |date=1950 |publisher=Israel Exploration Society |pages=223–246|issue=4|volume=1|journal=Israel Exploration Journal |jstor=27924451 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27924451.pdf}}</ref>
* 1035: [[Raoul Glaber]] chronicles a devastating three-year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France
* 1035: [[Canute the Great]] dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne.
* 1035: [[William Iron Arm]] ventures to the [[Mezzogiorno]]
* 1037: [[Ferdinand I of León]] conquers the [[Galicia (Spain)|Kingdom of Galicia]].

===[[1040s]]===
[[File:Zirides et Hammadides après les invasion hilaliennes.PNG|thumb|Territories of [[Zirids]] and [[Hammadids]] after the invasions of [[Banu Hilal]], of [[Normans|Norman]] incursions and the weakening of the [[Almoravids]] ]]
* 1040: [[Duncan I]] of Scotland slain in battle. [[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]] succeeds him.
* 1041: [[Samuel Aba]] became King of Hungary.
* 1041: [[Airlangga]] divides Kahuripan into two kingdoms [[Janggala]] and [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]] and abdicates in favour of his successors.<ref name="Soekmono, R 1973, p.57">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57</ref>
* 1042: the Normans establish [[Melfi]] as the capital of southern Italy.
* 1041–1048: Chinese artisan [[Bi Sheng]] invents ceramic [[movable type]] printing
* 1043: the [[Byzantine Empire]] and [[Kievan Rus]] engage in a [[Rus'-Byzantine War (1043)|naval confrontation]], although a later treaty is signed between two parties that includes the marriage alliance of [[Vsevolod I of Kiev]] to a princess daughter of [[Constantine IX Monomachos]].
* 1043: the Byzantine General [[George Maniaces]], who had served in [[Sicily]] back in 1038, is proclaimed emperor by his troops while he is [[catepan of Italy]]; he leads an unsuccessful rebellion against [[Constantine IX Monomachos]] and is killed in battle in [[Macedonia (theme)|Macedonia]] during his march towards [[Constantinople]].
*1043: the Song dynasty [[Chancellor of China]], [[Fan Zhongyan]], and prominent official and historian [[Ouyang Xiu]] introduce the [[Qingli Reforms]], which would be rescinded by the court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms.
*1043: the [[Kingdom of Nri]] of [[West Africa]] is said to have started in this year with [[Eze Nri Ìfikuánim]]
* 1044: the Chinese ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'', written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe [[gunpowder]] formulas;<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 120–124.</ref> it also described their use in warfare, such as [[History of gunpowder|blackpowder]]-impregnated [[Fuse (explosives)|fuses]] for [[flamethrower]]s.<ref name="needham volume 5 part 7 81 84">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 81–84.</ref> It also described an early form of the [[compass]], a thermoremanence compass.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 1 252">Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 252.</ref>
* 1044: [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] defeats the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in the [[Battle of Ménfő]]; [[Peter Urseolo of Hungary|Peter Urseolo]] captured [[Samuel Aba of Hungary|Samuel Aba]] after the battle, executing him, and restoring his claim to the throne; the Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to the Holy Roman Empire.
* 1045: The [[Zirid]]s, a [[Berber people|Berber]] dynasty of [[North Africa]], break their allegiance with the [[Fatimid]] court of [[Egypt]] and recognize the [[Abbasid]]s of [[Baghdad]] as the true [[caliph]]s.

===[[1050s]]===
[[Image:Flat casket Cuenca Louvre OA2775.jpg|thumb|upright|A flat casket carved out of [[ivory]] from [[Al-Andalus]] (Islamic Spain), {{circa|1050}}]]
* 1052: [[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]] converts the rural villa at [[Byōdō-in]] into a famous Japanese [[Buddhist temple]].
* 1053: the Norman commander [[Humphrey of Hauteville]] is victorious in the [[Battle of Civitate]] against the [[Lombards]] and the [[papal]] coalition led by [[Rudolf of Benevento]]; [[Pope Leo IX]] himself is captured by the Normans.
* 1054: the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]], in which the Western ([[Roman Catholic]]) and [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
* 1054: a large [[supernova]] is observed by astronomers, the [[Supernova remnant|remnants]] of which would form the [[Crab Nebula]].
* 1054: the [[Battle of Atapuerca]] is fought between [[García V of Navarre]] and [[Ferdinand I of León]].
* 1055: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Baghdad]], taking the [[Buyid]] [[Emir]] [[Al-Malik al-Rahim]] prisoner.
* 1056: [[Ferdinand I of León]], [[List of Castilian monarchs|King of Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|King of León]], is crowned [[Imperator totius Hispaniae]] (Emperor of All [[Hispania]]).
* 1056: [[William II of England]] the son of William the Conqueror, was born.
* 1057: [[Anawrahta]], ruler of the [[Pagan Kingdom]], defeated the [[Mon kingdoms|Mon]] city of [[Thaton]], thus unifying all of [[Myanmar]].
* 1057: [[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]], king of Scotland, dies in battle against the future king Malcolm III.
* 1057: Invasion of the [[Banu Hilal]], Kairouan destroyed, [[Zirid dynasty|Zirids]] reduced to a tiny coastal strip, remainder fragments into petty [[Bedouin]] [[emirate]]s.<ref>On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).</ref>

===[[1060s]]===
[[Image:Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicting events leading to the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066]]
* 1061–1091: [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Norman conquest]] of [[Sicily]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]
* 1064-1065: The [[Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–65|Great German Pilgrimage]], consisting of around unarmed 7,000 [[pilgrim]]s, travels to [[Jerusalem]] under the leadership of [[Gunther of Bamberg]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Einar Joranson |editor1-last=Paetow |editor1-first=Louis J. |title=The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro by his Former Students |date=1928 |publisher=Crofts |location=New York |pages=3–43 |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadesotherhis0000unse/page/n15/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=21 March 2023 |chapter=The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065}}</ref> 
* 1065: [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuks]] first invasion to [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] under leadership of [[Alp Arslan]]
* 1065: Independence of the [[Kingdom of Galicia]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] under the rule of Garcia
* 1066: in the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]], the last Anglo-Saxon King [[Harold Godwinson]] defeated his brother [[Tostig Godwinson]] and [[Harold III of Norway]].
* 1066: [[Edward the Confessor]] dies; [[Harold Godwinson]] is killed in the [[Battle of Hastings]], while the Norman [[William the Conqueror]] is crowned king of England. This is what most experts think of as the end of the Viking age.
* 1066: the [[Jewish]] [[vizier]] [[Joseph ibn Naghrela]] and many others are killed in the [[1066 Granada massacre]].
* 1068–1073: the reign of Japanese [[Emperor Go-Sanjō]] brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the [[Fujiwara clan]].
* 1068: [[Virarajendra Chola]] begins sending military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia.
* 1068: [[Seljuks]] destroyed [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] for the second time
* 1069–1076: with the support of [[Emperor Shenzong of Song]], Chancellor [[Wang Anshi]] of the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] introduces the '[[New Policies (Song dynasty)|New Policies]]', including the [[Baojia system]] of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of [[corvée]] labor, government monopolies on [[tea]], [[salt]], and [[wine]], reforming the [[Cadastre|land survey]] system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the [[imperial examination]] system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.

===[[1070s]]===
[[Image:Ardhanari.png|thumb|upright|An 11th-century [[Chola dynasty]] bronze figurine of [[Arthanariswara]] ]]
* 1070: the death of [[Athirajendra Chola]] and the ascension of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] marks the transition between the [[Medieval Cholas]] and the [[Chalukya Cholas]].
* 1071: Defeat of the [[Byzantine Empire]] at the [[Battle of Manzikert]] by the Seljuk army of [[Alp Arslan]], ending three centuries of a Byzantine military and economic [[Byzantine empire#Macedonian dynasty and resurgence (867–1025)|Golden Age]].
* 1072: the [[Battle of Golpejera]] is fought between [[Sancho II of Castile]] and [[Alfonso VI of Castile]]
* 1073: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Ankara]] from the Byzantines.
* 1074: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Jerusalem]] from the Fatimids, and cut pilgrim transit.
* 1075: [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] suppresses the rebellion of [[Saxony]] in the [[First Battle of Langensalza]].
* 1075: the [[Investiture Controversy]] is sparked when [[Pope Gregory VII]] asserted in the ''[[Dictatus papae]]'' extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and a new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself.
* 1075: Chinese official and diplomat [[Shen Kuo]] asserts the Song dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against the bold bluff of [[Emperor Daozong of Liao]], who had asserted that [[Liao dynasty]] territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds.
* 1075–1076: a civil war in the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] of India; the Western Chalukya monarch [[Someshvara II]] plans to defeat his own ambitious brother [[Vikramaditya VI]] by allying with a traditional enemy, [[Kulothunga Chola I]] of the [[Chola Empire]]; Someshvara's forces suffer a heavy defeat, and he is eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king.
* 1075–1077: the [[Song dynasty]] of [[China]] and the [[Lý dynasty]] of [[Vietnam]] fight [[History of the Song dynasty#Relations with Đại Việt and border conflict|a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first]] on land and with their navy, and afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-day [[Hanoi]], the capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange the territories that they had captured during the war, and later a border agreement is reached.
* 1076: the [[Ghana]] Empire is attacked by the [[Almoravid]]s, who sack the capital of [[Koumbi Saleh]], ending the rule of king [[Tunka Manin]]
* 1076: the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of [[sulfur]] and [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]], in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling [[gunpowder]] formula components to enemies such as the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]s and [[Khitan people|Khitans]].
* 1076: the Song Chinese allies with southern Vietnamese [[Champa]] and Cambodian [[Chenla]] to conquer the [[Lý dynasty]], which is an unsuccessful campaign.
* 1077: the [[Walk to Canossa]] by [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
* 1077: Chinese official [[Su Song]] is sent on a diplomatic mission to the [[Liao dynasty]] and discovers that the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] calendar is more mathematically accurate than the [[Chinese calendar|Song calendar]]; [[Emperor Zhezong of Song|Emperor Zhezong]] later sponsors Su Song's astronomical [[clock tower]] in order to compete with Liao astronomers.
* 1078: [[Oleg I of Chernigov]] is defeated in battle by his brother [[Vsevolod I of Kiev]]; Oleg escapes to [[Tmutarakan]], but is imprisoned by the [[Khazar]]s, sent to [[Constantinople]] as a prisoner, and then exiled to [[Rhodes]].
* 1078: the revolt of [[Nikephoros III]] against Byzantine ruler [[Michael VII]]
* 1079: [[Malik Shah I]] reforms the [[Iranian Calendar]].
* 1079: [[Franks]] start to settle around the [[Way of Saint James]] (Today, modern North Spain)

===[[1080s]]===
[[Image:Domesday Book - Warwickshire.png|thumb|upright|A page of the [[Domesday Book]] of England]]
* 1080–1081: The Chinese statesman and scientist [[Shen Kuo]] is put in command of the campaign against the [[Western Xia]], and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern [[Yan'an]]), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it.
* 1081: birth of [[Urraca of León and Castile]] future Queen of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castille]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]].
* 1084: the enormous Chinese historical work of the ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' is compiled by scholars under Chancellor [[Sima Guang]], completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written [[Chinese characters]]
* 1085: [[Alfonso VI of Castile]] captures the [[Moors|Moorish]] Muslim city of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Spain.
* 1085: the [[Katedralskolan, Lund]] school of Sweden is established by [[Canute IV of Denmark]]
* 1086: compilation of the [[Domesday Book]] by order of [[William I of England]]; it was similar to a modern-day government [[census]], as it was used by William to thoroughly document all the landholdings within the kingdom that could be properly [[tax]]ed.
* 1086: the [[Battle of az-Zallaqah]] between the Almoravids and Castilians
* 1087: a new office at the Chinese international [[seaport]] of [[Quanzhou]] is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
* 1087: the Italian cities of [[Genoa]] and [[Pisa]] engage in the African [[Mahdia campaign of 1087|Mahdia campaign]]
* 1087: [[William II of England]], son of William the Conqueror, is crowned king of England.
* 1088: the renowned [[polymath]] Chinese scientist and official [[Shen Kuo]] made the world's first reference to the [[magnetic]] [[compass]] in his book ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'',<ref>Bowman, 599.</ref><ref>Mohn, 1.</ref> along with encyclopedic documentation and inquiry into scientific discoveries.
* 1088: The [[University of Bologna]] is established.
* 1088: [[Rebellion of 1088]] against [[William II of England]] led by [[Odo of Bayeux]].

=== 1090–1100 ===
[[Image:1099jerusalem.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)]] ]]
*1091: [[Normans]] from the [[Duchy of Normandy]] take control of [[Malta]] and surrounding islands.
* 1091: the [[Byzantine Empire]] under [[Alexios I Komnenos]] and his [[Cuman]] allies defeat [[Pechenegs]] at the [[Battle of Levounion]]
* 1093: [[Vikramaditya VI]], ruler of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]], defeats the army of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] in the Battle of Vengi.
* 1093: when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed [[Sima Guang]] is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of [[Wang Anshi]] reinstated, and [[Emperor Zhezong of Song]] halted all negotiations with the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]s of the [[Western Xia]], resuming in armed conflict with them.
* 1093: the [[Kypchaks]] defeat princes of [[Kievan Rus]] at the [[Battle of the Stugna River]]
* 1093: [[Battle of Alnwick (1093)|Battle of Alnwick]]: [[Malcolm III of Scotland]] is killed by the forces of [[William II of England]].
* 1094: the [[astronomical clock|astronomical]] [[clock tower]] of [[Kaifeng]], China—engineered by the official [[Su Song]]—is completed.
* 1094: [[El Cid]], the great Spanish hero, conquers the [[Moors|Muslim]] city of [[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]]
* 1094: a succession crisis following the reign of the [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah]] sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]] into the new [[Nizari]] religious branch.
* 1095: Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands, officially commencing the [[First Crusade]].
* {{circa|1095}}–1099: earliest extant manuscript of the ''[[Song of Roland]]''
* 1096: [[University of Oxford]] in [[England]] holds its first lectures
* 1097: the [[Siege of Nicaea]] during the [[First Crusade]]
* 1097: Diego Rodriguez, a son of [[El Cid]], dies in the [[Battle of Consuegra]], an [[Almoravid]] victory
* 1098: the [[Siege of Antioch]] during the [[First Crusade]]
* 1098: [[Pope Urban II]] makes an appearance at the [[Siege of Capua]]
* 1098: the [[Dongpo Academy]] of [[Hainan]], China is built in honor of the Song dynasty [[Scholar-bureaucrat|Chinese official]] and poet [[Su Shi]], who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of the [[History of the Song dynasty#Partisans and factions, reformers and conservatives|New Policies Group]].
* 1098: the birth of [[Hildegard of Bingen]], [[Doctor of the Church]], abbess, monastic leader, mystic, prophetess, medical, [[Germans|German]] composer and writer, [[polymath]].
* 1099: the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Siege of Jerusalem]] by European Crusaders.
* 1099: after the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] is established, the [[Qibli Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]] is made into the residential palace for the [[kings of Jerusalem]].
* 1099: death of the great Spanish hero [[El Cid|Rodrigo Díaz]] "El Cid Campeador".
* 1099: after building considerable strength, [[David IV of Georgia]] discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks.
* 1100: On August 5, Henry I is crowned King of England.
* 1100: On December 25, Baldwin of Boulogne is crowned as the first King of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.

=== Undated ===
*King [[Anawrahta]] of [[Myanmar]] made a pilgrimage to [[Ceylon]], returning to convert his country to [[Theravada]] Buddhism.
* The [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] migrate to the [[Aïr]] region.
* [[Kanem Empire|Kanem-Bornu]] expands southward into modern [[Nigeria]].
* The first of seven [[Hausa people|Hausa]] [[city-states]] are founded in [[Nigeria]].
* The [[Hodh]] region of [[Mauritania]] becomes desert.
* Fortified Chinese trade bases were established in the [[Philippines]], to gather forest products and distribute imports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maritimeasia.ws/topic/chronology.html|title=Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE|website= Maritime Asia}}</ref>