Editing 1044 (section)

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ménfő]]: German troops under [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|King Henry III]] ("the Black") defeat the Hungarian army, led by King [[Samuel Aba]], who flees the field but is captured and killed. [[Peter, King of Hungary|Peter Orseolo]] ("the Venetian") becomes (for the second time) king of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], and a [[vassal]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBG9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |title=Realm of St Stephen, The: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 |date=2001-02-23 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-173-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* Summer &ndash; [[Geoffrey II, Count of Anjou|Geoffrey II]] ("the Hammer"), count of [[County of Anjou|Anjou]], captures the city of [[Tours]], and takes control of the county of [[Touraine]].

==== Asia ====
* The Chinese military treatise of the ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'' is written and compiled by scholars [[Zeng Gongliang]] (曾公亮), Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide (楊惟德), during the [[Song dynasty]]. It is the first book in history to include formulas for [[gunpowder]], and its use for various bombs (thrown by sling or [[trebuchet]] catapult). It also describes the double-[[piston]] pump [[flamethrower]] and a [[Thermoremanent magnetization|thermoremanence]] compass, a few decades before [[Shen Kuo]] wrote of the first known [[magnetic]] [[sailor|mariner]]'s [[compass]]. Although emphasizing the importance of many weapons, it reserves high respect for the [[crossbow]], and the ability of crossbowmen to fell charging units of [[nomad]]ic [[cavalry]]men.
* [[August 11]] &ndash; King [[Anawrahta]] seizes the throne of the [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan Empire]] at [[Bagan]] in [[Myanmar|Burma]] (modern [[Myanmar]]).