Editing Étienne Dolet (section)

==Prison stays and banishment==
During his stay in Toulouse, he was elected speaker of the 'French Nation' and was recognised as a gifted orator. In October 1533, he delivered a violent indictment of the "backwardness and hostility to humanism and classical scholarship"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Smither |first=James R. |date=2013 |title=Review of Étienne Dolet 1509–2009. Cahiers d'Humanisme et Renaissance 98, Michèle Clément |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24246333 |journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=1116–1118 |doi=10.1086/SCJ24246333 |jstor=24246333 |issn=0361-0160}}</ref> of the city of Toulouse, going so far as to describe it barbarism.<ref name=":6" /> Later, in January 1534, he delivered a diatribe on religious superstitions and the brutality of the [[Gascony|Gascons]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Étienne Dolet à l'Université de Toulouse. : 1531-1533 {{!}} Tolosana |url=https://tolosana.univ-toulouse.fr/fr/notice/156307332 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=tolosana.univ-toulouse.fr}}</ref> He was imprisoned in March 1534 and, despite the protection of Jean de Pins (a prominent humanist and [[bishop]]), he was banished by the Parliament of Toulouse in 1534.

In August 1533,<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Lecompte |first=Jean-Francois |title=L'affaire Étienne Dolet |year=2009 |isbn=978-2-846-08264-8 |location=Paris |pages=9–28 |language=FR}}</ref> following the banishment, Dolet moved to Lyon, where he joined the circle of Lyon humanists and began the most fruitful part of his career.<ref name=":3" /> Its members included [[Clément Marot]] and [[Rabelais]], as well as Guillaume and [[Maurice Scève]], Jean de Tourne ''père'' and the printer [[Sebastian Gryphius|Sébastien Gryphe]], for whom he became a proofreader. In addition to these friends and close associates, Dolet also acquired in Lyon a number of sworn enemies who would "follow him all the way to the pyre."<ref name=":6" /> 

Dolet's involvement in printing and publishing took place during a dynamic period in the development of European thought and technology. [[Francis I of France|King Francois I]] actively promoted the use of vernacular French (as opposed to Latin) in the arts and publishing, and supported Dolet, [[Clément Marot]] and Rabelais, among others, who shared his point of view. At the same time, the invention and diffusion of printing technology was revolutionizing the transmission of social, political and religious ideas across Europe. In addition, the [[Protestant movement]] and the [[Anglican Schism|Anglican schism]] created an environment in which the Catholic Church felt threatened.<ref name=":7" />

In 1535, thanks to Sébastien Gryphe, Dolet published several of his own writings, including his tract, the ''Dialogus de imitatione [[Ciceronianus|Ciceroniana]].''  The ''Ciceroniana'' revived the quarrel over [[Ciceronianism]], which refers to the tendency among Renaissance humanists to imitate the language and style of Cicero. In this work, Dolet attacks both Erasmus and Luther, accusing them both of attempting to destroy the Christian religion.

During a brawl that took place in December 1536, Dolet killed a painter, Henri Guillot, nicknamed Compaing. Dolet claimed that Guillot wanted to assassinate him. He fled to Paris to beg for mercy from the King, [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], to whom he presented a self-effacing poem describing the brawl. The King accorded him his protection and ordered him to return to Lyon. Dolet was nevertheless imprisoned for two months upon his return to Lyon.<ref name=":6" />{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=388}}