Editing Émile Durkheim (section)

==Academic career==
[[File:Emile Durkheim, Le Socialisme maitrier.jpg|thumb|A collection of Durkheim's courses on the origins of socialism (1896), edited and published by his nephew, [[Marcel Mauss]], in 1928]]

Durkheim's period in Germany resulted in the publication of numerous articles on German social science and philosophy; Durkheim was particularly impressed by the work of [[Wilhelm Wundt]].<ref name="Calhoun2002-104"/> Durkheim's articles gained recognition in France, and he received a teaching appointment in the [[University of Bordeaux]] in 1887, where he was to teach the university's first social science course.<ref name="Calhoun2002-104"/> His official title was {{Langx|fr|Chargé d'un Cours de Science Sociale et de Pédagogie|label=none}}, thus he taught both [[pedagogy]] and sociology (the latter having never been taught in France before).<ref name="Allan_104"/><ref name="Poggi_1" />{{Rp|3}} The appointment of the social scientist to the mostly humanistic faculty was an important sign of changing times and the growing importance and recognition of the social sciences.<ref name="Calhoun2002-104"/> From this position Durkheim helped reform the [[French school system]], introducing the study of social science in its curriculum. However, his controversial beliefs that religion and morality could be explained in terms purely of social interaction earned him many critics.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Also in 1887, Durkheim married [[Louise Dreyfus]]. They had two children, Marie and André.<ref name="Allan_104"/>

The 1890s were a period of remarkable creative output for Durkheim.<ref name="Calhoun2002-104"/> In 1893, he published ''[[The Division of Labour in Society]]'', his doctoral dissertation and fundamental statement of the nature of human society and [[evolution of society|its development]].<ref name="Poggi_1" />{{Rp|x}} Durkheim's interest in [[social phenomena]] was spurred on by politics. France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] led to the fall of the regime of [[Napoleon III]], which was then replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. This in turn resulted in a backlash against the new [[secularism|secular]] and [[republicanism|republican]] rule, as many people considered a vigorously [[nationalistic]] approach necessary to rejuvenate France's fading power. Durkheim, a Jew and a staunch supporter of the Third Republic with a sympathy towards socialism, was thus in the political minority, a situation that galvanized him politically. The [[Dreyfus affair]] of 1894 only strengthened his activist stance.<ref name="Calhoun2002-105">{{harvp|Calhoun|2002|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C&pg=PA105 p. 105]}}</ref>

In 1895, he published ''[[The Rules of Sociological Method]]'',<ref name="Calhoun2002-104"/> a [[manifesto]] stating what sociology is and how it ought to be done, and founded the first European department of sociology at the [[University of Bordeaux]]. In 1898, he founded ''[[L'Année sociologique]]'', the first French social science journal.<ref name="Calhoun2002-104"/> Its aim was to publish and publicize the work of what was, by then, a growing number of students and collaborators (this is also the name used to refer to the group of students who developed his sociological program). In 1897, he published ''[[Suicide (Durkheim book)|Suicide]]'', a [[case study]] that provided an example of what a sociological [[monograph]] might look like. Durkheim was one of the pioneers of the use of [[quantitative methods in criminology]], which he used in his study of suicide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lunden |first1=W. A. |title=Pioneers in Criminology XVI--Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) |journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |date=1958 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=1-9 |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4674&context=jclc}}</ref>

By 1902, Durkheim had finally achieved his goal of attaining a prominent position in Paris when he became the [[professorship|chair]] of education at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]]. Durkheim had aimed for the position earlier, but the Parisian faculty took longer to accept what some called "sociological imperialism" and admit social science to their curriculum.<ref name="Calhoun2002-105"/> He became a full professor (specifically, Professor of the Science of Education) there in 1906, and in 1913 he was named chair in "Education and Sociology".<ref name="Allan_104"/><ref name="Calhoun2002-105"/> Because [[List of colleges and universities in France|French universities]] are technically institutions for training secondary school teachers, this position gave Durkheim considerable influence—his lectures were the only ones that were mandatory for the entire student body. Durkheim had much influence over the new generation of teachers; around that time he also served as an advisor to the [[Ministry of Education (France)|Ministry of Education]].<ref name="Allan_104"/> In 1912, he published his last major work, ''[[The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life]]''.