Editing Xenophobia (section)

=====The Boxers=====
{{Main|Boxer Rebellion}}
The [[Boxer Rebellion]] was a violent anti-foreign, [[Persecution of Christians#China|anti-Christian]], and [[anti-imperialist]] uprising which occurred in China between 1899 and 1901. It was led by a new group, the ‘Militia United in Righteousness', the group was popularly known as the ''[[Boxers (group)|Boxers]]'' because many of its members had practiced [[Chinese martial arts]], at the time, these martial arts were popularly referred to as Chinese Boxing.  After China's defeat in war by Japan in 1895, villagers in North China feared the expansion of [[Spheres of influence#China|foreign spheres of influence]] and resented the extension of privileges to Christian missionaries. In a severe drought, Boxer violence spread across [[Shandong]] and the [[North China Plain]], destroying foreign property, attacking or murdering Christian missionaries and [[Christianity in China|Chinese Christians]]. In June 1900, Boxer fighters, convinced that they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on [[Beijing]], and their slogan was "Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners." Diplomats, missionaries, soldiers and some Chinese Christians took refuge in the diplomatic [[Beijing Legation Quarter|Legation Quarter]]. They were besieged for 55 days by the Imperial Army of the Chinese government and the Boxers. George Makari says that the Boxers, "promoted a violent [[hatred]] of all those from other lands and made no effort to distinguish the beneficent from the rapacious ones.... They were unabashedly xenophobic."<ref>George Makari, ''Of Fear and Strangers: A History of Xenophobia'' (2021), pp 70–71.</ref> The Boxers were overthrown by an [[Eight Nation Alliance]] of American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian troops—20,000 in all—that invaded China to lift the siege in August 1900.  The allies imposed the [[Boxer Protocol]] in 1901, with a massive annual cash indemnity to be paid by the Chinese government. The episode generated worldwide attention and denunciation of xenophobia.<ref>Makari, ''Of Fear and Strangers: A History of Xenophobia'' (2021), ch 4, 5.</ref><ref>Paul A. Cohen, '' History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth'' (1998).</ref>