Editing Werner Heisenberg (section)

===Research interests===
In 1946, the German scientist [[Heinz Pose]], head of Laboratory V in [[Obninsk]], wrote a letter to Heisenberg inviting him to work in the USSR. The letter lauded the working conditions in the USSR and the available resources, as well as the favorable attitude of the Soviets towards German scientists. A courier hand delivered the recruitment letter, dated 18 July 1946, to Heisenberg; Heisenberg politely declined.<ref>{{harvnb|Walker|1989|pp=184–185}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Oleynikov |first=Pavel V. |s2cid=144392252 |title=German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project |journal=The Nonproliferation Review |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=1–30 [14] |year=2000 |url=http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/72pavel.pdf |doi=10.1080/10736700008436807}}</ref> In 1947, Heisenberg presented lectures in [[Cambridge]], [[Edinburgh]] and [[Bristol]]. Heisenberg contributed to the understanding of the phenomenon of [[superconductivity]] with a paper in 1947<ref>{{cite journal | author = Werner Heisenberg |title=Zur Theorie der Supraleitung |journal=Forsch. Fortschr. |volume=21/23 |pages=243–244 |year=1947 }}; {{cite journal |journal=Z. Naturforsch. |volume=2a |issue=4 |pages=185–201 |year=1947 |title=Zur Theorie der Supraleitung | author=Heisenberg, W.|doi=10.1515/zna-1947-0401 |bibcode=1947ZNatA...2..185H |s2cid=93679759 |doi-access=free }} cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref> and two papers in 1948,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |title=Das elektrodynamische Verhalten der Supraleiter |journal=Z. Naturforsch. |volume=3a |issue=2 |pages=65–75 |year=1948 |doi=10.1515/zna-1948-0201 |bibcode=1948ZNatA...3...65H |doi-access=free }} cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Heisenberg, W.|title=Das Barlowsche Rad aus supraleitendem Material |journal=Z. Phys. |volume=124 |pages=514–518 |year=1948| author2= M.V. Laue|s2cid=121271077 |issue=7–12 |doi=10.1007/BF01668888 |bibcode=1948ZPhy..124..514H }} cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref> one of them with [[Max von Laue]].<ref name=Cassidy/><ref>{{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|pp=238–239}}</ref>

In the period shortly after World War II, Heisenberg briefly returned to the subject of his doctoral thesis, turbulence. Three papers were published in 1948<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |s2cid=186223726 |title=Zur statistischen Theorie der Tubulenz |journal=Z. Phys. |volume=124 |pages=628–657 |year=1948 |issue=7–12|doi=10.1007/BF01668899 |bibcode=1948ZPhy..124..628H }} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |title=On the theory of statistical and isotropic turbulence |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]] |volume=195 |pages=402–406 |year=1948 |issue=1042|doi=10.1098/rspa.1948.0127 |bibcode=1948RSPSA.195..402H |doi-access=free }} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |s2cid=202047340 |title=Bemerkungen um Turbulenzproblem |journal=Z. Naturforsch. |volume=3a |issue=8–11 |pages=434–437 |year=1948 |doi=10.1515/zna-1948-8-1103 |bibcode=1948ZNatA...3..434H |doi-access=free }} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref> and one in 1950.<ref name=MottPeierls77_217/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=w. |title=On the stability of laminar flow |journal=Proc. International Congress Mathematicians |volume=II |pages=292–296 |date=1950 }}, as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref> In the post-war period Heisenberg continued his interests in cosmic-ray showers with considerations on multiple production of [[meson]]s. He published three papers<ref>{{cite journal | author=Heisenberg, W. |s2cid=4043099 |title=Production of mesons showers |journal=Nature |volume=164 |pages=65–67 |year=1949 |issue=4158|doi=10.1038/164065c0 |pmid=18228928 |bibcode=1949Natur.164...65H }} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |s2cid=122006877 |title=Die Erzeugung von Mesonen in Vielfachprozessen |journal=Nuovo Cimento |volume=6 |issue=Suppl |pages=493–497 |year=1949 |doi=10.1007/BF02822044 |bibcode=1949NCim....6S.493H }} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |s2cid=120410676 |title=Über die Entstehung von Mesonen in Vielfachprozessen |journal=Z. Phys. |volume=126 |pages=569–582 |year=1949 |issue=6|doi=10.1007/BF01330108 |bibcode=1949ZPhy..126..569H }} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=245}}</ref> in 1949, two<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |s2cid=41323295 |title=Bermerkungen zur Theorie der Vielfacherzeugung von Mesonen |journal=[[Die Naturwissenschaften]] |volume=39 |page=69 |year=1952|issue=3 |doi=10.1007/BF00596818 |bibcode=1952NW.....39...69H }} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=246}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author= Heisenberg, W.| s2cid=124271377 | title=Mesonenerzeugung als Stosswellenproblem |journal=Z. Phys. |volume=133 |issue=1–2 |pages=65–79 |year=1952| doi=10.1007/BF01948683 | bibcode=1952ZPhy..133...65H }} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=246}}</ref> in 1952, and one<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |s2cid=121970196 |title=The production of mesons in very high energy collisions |journal=Nuovo Cimento |volume=12 |issue=Suppl |pages=96–103 |year=1955 |doi=10.1007/BF02746079 |bibcode=1955NCim....2S..96H }} as cited in {{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=246}}</ref> in 1955.<ref>{{harvnb|Mott|Peierls|1977|p=238}}</ref>

In late 1955 to early 1956, Heisenberg gave the [[Gifford Lectures]] at [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews University]], in Scotland, on the [[intellectual history]] of physics. The lectures were later published as ''Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science''.<ref>{{harvnb|Cassidy|2009|p=262}}</ref> During 1956 and 1957, Heisenberg was the chairman of the ''Arbeitskreis Kernphysik'' (Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the ''Fachkommission II "Forschung und Nachwuchs"'' (Commission II "Research and Growth") of the ''Deutsche Atomkommission'' (DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: [[Walther Bothe]], [[Hans Kopfermann]] (vice-chairman), [[Fritz Bopp]], [[Wolfgang Gentner]], [[Otto Haxel]], [[Willibald Jentschke]], [[Heinz Maier-Leibnitz]], [[Josef Mattauch]], {{ill|Wolfgang Riezler|de|Wolfgang Riezler}}, [[Wilhelm Walcher]] and [[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker]]. [[Wolfgang Paul]] was also a member of the group during 1957.<ref>Horst Kant ''Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project / Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen'', Preprint 203 (Max-Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, [http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P203.PDF 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205050454/http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P203.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}).</ref>

In 1957, Heisenberg was a signatory of the [[Göttinger Manifest]], taking a public stand against the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] arming itself with [[nuclear weapons]]. Heisenberg, like [[Pascual Jordan]], thought politicians would ignore this statement by nuclear scientists. But Heisenberg believed that the Göttinger Manifest would "influence public opinion" which politicians would have to take into account. He wrote to [[Walther Gerlach]]: "We will probably have to keep coming back to this question in public for a long time because of the danger that public opinion will slacken."<ref>{{harvnb|Carson|2010|p=329}}</ref> In 1961 Heisenberg signed the [[Memorandum of Tübingen]] alongside a group of scientists who had been brought together by [[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker]] and [[Ludwig Raiser]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carson|2010|p=334}}</ref> A public discussion between scientists and politicians ensued.<ref>{{harvnb|Carson|2010|pp=335–336}}</ref> As prominent politicians, authors and socialites joined the debate on nuclear weapons, the signatories of the memorandum took a stand against "the full-time intellectual nonconformists".<ref>{{harvnb|Carson|2010|p=339}}</ref>

From 1957 onwards, Heisenberg was interested in [[plasma physics]] and the process of [[nuclear fusion]]. He also collaborated with the International Institute of Atomic Physics in [[Geneva]]. He was a member of the Institute's scientific policy committee, and for several years was the Committee's chair.<ref name=Biography/> He was one of the eight signatories of the [[Memorandum of Tübingen]] which called for the recognition of the [[Oder–Neisse line|Oder–Neiße line]] as the official border between [[Germany]] and [[Poland]] and spoke against a possible nuclear armament of [[West Germany]].<ref name=Donhoff>{{cite news|author=Dönhoff, Marion |date=2 March 1962|title=Lobbyisten der Vernunft|trans-title=Lobbyists of reason|url=https://www.zeit.de/1962/09/lobbyisten-der-vernunft/komplettansicht|language=de|newspaper=Die Zeit|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118125801/https://www.zeit.de/1962/09/lobbyisten-der-vernunft/komplettansicht|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1973, Heisenberg gave a lecture at [[Harvard University]] on the historical development of the concepts of [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=Werner |title=Development of concepts in the history of quantum theory |journal=American Journal of Physics |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=389–394 |year=1975|doi=10.1119/1.9833 |bibcode=1975AmJPh..43..389H }}</ref> On 24 March 1973 Heisenberg gave a speech before the Catholic Academy of Bavaria, accepting the Romano Guardini Prize. An English translation of his speech was published under the title "Scientific and Religious Truth", a quotation from which appears in a later section of this article.<ref name=atf74/>