Editing Vertigo (film) (section)

==Reception==

===Contemporaneous reception===
Initial critical reception for ''Vertigo'' was mixed. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote that the film showed Hitchcock's "mastery", but felt the film was "too long and slow" for "what is basically only a psychological murder mystery".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/variety210-1958-05/page/n87/mode/2up |title=Film Reviews: Vertigo |work=Variety |page=6 |date=June 14, 1958 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Similarly, Philip K. Scheuer of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' admired the scenery, but found the plot took "too long to unfold" and felt it "bogs down in a maze of detail".<ref>Scheuer, Philip K (May 29, 1958). "[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58309555/the-los-angeles-times/ 'Vertigo' Induces Same in Watcher]". ''Los Angeles Times''. Part I, p. 21. Retrieved September 30, 2020 – via [[Newspapers.com]]. {{Open access}}</ref> Scholar Dan Auiler says that this review "sounded the tone that most popular critics would take with the film".{{sfn|Auiler|2000|pp=170–171}} However, the ''[[Los Angeles Examiner]]'' loved it, admiring the "excitement, action, romance, glamor and [the] crazy, off-beat love story".{{sfn|Auiler|2000|p=172}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' film critic [[Bosley Crowther]] also gave ''Vertigo'' qualified praise by stating that "[the] secret [of the film] is so clever, even though it is devilishly far-fetched."<ref>{{cite news |first=Bosley |last=Crowther |author-link=Bosley Crowther |title='Vertigo,' Hitchcock's Latest; Melodrama Arrives at the Capitol|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/film/052958vertigo-review.html|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 29, 1958 |access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref> [[Richard L. Coe]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' praised the film as a "wonderful weirdie," writing that "Hitchcock has even more fun than usual with trick angles, floor shots and striking use of color. More than once he gives us critical scenes in long shots establishing how he's going to get away with a couple of story tricks."<ref>{{cite news |last=Coe |first=Richard L. |date=May 31, 1958 |title=Deftly Dizzy and Different |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |page=C10 }}</ref> [[John McCarten]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' wrote derisively that Hitchcock had "never before indulged in such farfetched nonsense."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=McCarten |first=John |date=June 7, 1958 |title=The Current Cinema |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |page=65}}</ref>

The ''[[New York Post]]'' review echoed many critics': "Let's admit it right now. Hitchcock's surfaces are so smooth he thinks he can get away with murder in the logic and realism departments. If you want to tear 'Vertigo' apart, it rips easily. On the other hand, there's no denying that James Stewart's unactorish acting carries a heavy air of reality into the picture, and Kim Novak's somnambulistic behavior, called for by the script, is something she can do to perfection....It's doubtful that 'Vertigo' can take equal rank with the best of the Hitchcock studies—it has too many holes—but it assays high in visual confectionary of place, person, and celluloid wiles."<ref>Winsten, Archer (May 29, 1958). "Reviewing Stand: 'Vertigo' Drops in at the Capitol". ''New York Post''.</ref>

Contemporaneous response in England was summarized by Charles Barr in his monograph on ''Vertigo'': "In England, the reception was if anything rather less friendly. Of the 28 newspaper and magazine reviews that I have looked at, six are, with reservations, favourable, nine are very mixed, and 13 almost wholly negative. Common to all of these reviews is a lack of sympathy with the basic structure and drive of the picture. Even the friendlier ones single out for praise elements that seem, from today's perspective, to be marginal virtues and incidental pleasures – the 'vitality' of the supporting performances (Dilys Powell in ''The Sunday Times''), the slickness with which the car sequences are put together (Isobel Quibley in ''The Spectator'')".{{sfn|Barr|2002|p=13}}

In France, [[Éric Rohmer]] noted in ''[[Cahiers du Cinéma]]'' that "''Vertigo'', so they say, repelled Americans. French critics, on the contrary, seem to be giving it a warm welcome." Praising the film's formal technique, he wrote that "ideas and forms follow the same road, and it is because the form is pure, beautiful, rigorous, astonishingly rich, and free that we can say that Hitchcock's films, with ''Vertigo'' at their head, are about ''ideas'', in the noble, platonic sense of the word."<ref>{{cite news |first=Éric |last=Rohmer |title= L'hélice et l'idée  |work= [[Cahiers du Cinéma]] |date= March 1959}}</ref>

Hitchcock fans were not pleased with ''Vertigo''<nowiki/>'s departure from the romantic-thriller territory of earlier films, or with the mystery being solved well before the film's ending.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Sterritt |title=At 50, Hitchcock's Timeless 'Vertigo' Still Offers a Dizzying Array of Gifts |work=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=June 13, 2008}}</ref> [[Orson Welles]] disliked the film, telling [[Henry Jaglom]] that it was "worse" than ''[[Rear Window]]'', which he had also disliked.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaglom|first=Henry|title=My Lunches with Orson: Conversations between Henry Jaglom and Orson Welles|editor-last=Biskind|editor-first=Peter|publisher=Metropolitan Books|year=2013}}</ref> In an interview with [[François Truffaut]], Hitchcock stated that ''Vertigo'' was one of his favourite films, with some reservations.{{sfn|Truffaut|Hitchcock|1985|p=187}} He blamed the film's limited success on the 49-year-old Stewart looking too old to play a convincing love interest for the 24-year-old Novak.{{sfn|Eliot|2006|p=322}}

A young [[Martin Scorsese]] viewed the film with his friends during its original theatrical run, and later recalled that "even though the film was not well received at the time... we responded to the film very strongly. [We] didn't know why... but we really went with the picture."<ref>{{cite AV media|author=BFI|author-link=British Film Institute|title=Martin Scorsese on Vertigo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StcvV1pZXz4 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/StcvV1pZXz4| archive-date=October 31, 2021 | url-status=live|website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Google LLC|access-date=October 3, 2020|date=August 2, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The film received awards at the [[San Sebastián International Film Festival]], including a Silver Seashell for Best Director for Hitchcock (tied with [[Mario Monicelli]] for ''[[Big Deal on Madonna Street]]'') and Best Actor for Stewart (tied with [[Kirk Douglas]] in ''[[The Vikings (film)|The Vikings]]''). The film was nominated for two technical [[Academy Awards]] for [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction – Black-and-White or Color]] ([[Hal Pereira]], [[Henry Bumstead]], [[Samuel M. Comer]], [[Frank McKelvy]]) and [[Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing|Best Sound]] ([[George Dutton]]).<ref name="NY Times">{{cite web |date=2009 |title=NY Times: Vertigo |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/52324/Vertigo/awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131115305/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/52324/Vertigo/awards |archive-date=January 31, 2009 |access-date=December 23, 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]] |department=Movies & TV Dept.}}</ref><ref name="Oscars1959">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1959|title=The 31st Academy Awards (1959) Nominees and Winners|access-date=August 21, 2011|website=oscars.org}}</ref>

===Re-evaluation===
Over time the film has been re-evaluated by film critics and has moved higher in esteem in most critics' opinions. Every ten years since 1952, the [[British Film Institute]] magazine ''[[Sight and Sound]]'' has asked the world's leading film critics to compile a list of the ten [[List of films considered the best|greatest films of all time]].<ref name="BFI2002">{{cite web |url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/poll/critics.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615192724/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/poll/critics.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 15, 2012 |title=BFI's Sight & Sound Critics' poll 2002 |publisher=BFI |access-date=August 4, 2012}}</ref> In the 1962 and 1972 polls, ''Vertigo'' was not among the top 10 films in voting; only in 1982, after Hitchcock's death, did ''Vertigo'' enter the list, in seventh place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/history/1982.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617170326/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/history/1982.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 17, 2012 |title=BFI's Sight & Sound Critics' poll 1982 |publisher=BFI |access-date=August 4, 2012}}</ref> By 1992 it had advanced to fourth place,<ref name="BFI1992">{{cite web |url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/history/1992.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618100140/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/history/1992.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 18, 2012 |title=BFI's Sight & Sound Critics' poll 1992 |publisher=BFI |access-date=August 4, 2012}}</ref> by 2002 to second, and in 2012 to first place in both the crime genre and overall, ahead of previous first-place entry ''[[Citizen Kane]]''; in the 2022 poll, it took second place behind ''[[Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Greatest Films of All Time |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/greatest-films-all-time |access-date=December 1, 2022 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |language=en}}</ref> In the 2012 ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' director's poll of the greatest films ever made ''Vertigo'' was ranked seventh;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/polls/greatest-films-all-time/directors-100-best |title=Directors' Top 100 |year=2012 |work=Sight & Sound |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> In the 2002 and 2022 editions of the directors' list the film ranked sixth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sight & Sound 2002 Directors' Greatest Films poll|url=https://www.listal.com/list/sight-sound-2002-directors|website=listal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 The Rest of Director's List|url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/poll/directors-long.html|website=old.bfi.org.uk|access-date=July 5, 2021|archive-date=February 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201155933/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/poll/directors-long.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Directors' 100 Greatest Films of All Time |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/directors-100-greatest-films-all-time |website=bfi.org}}</ref>

Commenting upon the 2012 results, the magazine's editor Nick James said that ''Vertigo'' was "the ultimate critics' film. It is a dream-like film about people who are not sure who they are but who are busy reconstructing themselves and each other to fit a kind of cinema ideal of the ideal soul-mate."<ref name="bbc" /> In recent years, critics have noted that the casting of Stewart as a character who becomes disturbed and obsessive ultimately enhances the film's unconventionality and suspense, since Stewart had previously been known for warmhearted roles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Robey |first=Tim |date=August 2, 2012 |title=Is Alfred Hitchcock's thriller Vertigo really the best film ever made? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/9446844/Is-Alfred-Hitchcocks-thriller-Vertigo-really-the-best-film-ever-made.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/9446844/Is-Alfred-Hitchcocks-thriller-Vertigo-really-the-best-film-ever-made.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |access-date=March 2, 2016 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}} "Audiences didn't like seeing Jimmy Stewart in such a strange and often unsympathetic role, craving the same sense of being on his side that ''Rear Window'' (1954) and ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'' (1956) had given them."</ref>

In 1998, ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' conducted a poll in which ''Vertigo'' was voted the fifth greatest film of all time.<ref>{{cite web |work=[[AMC (TV channel)|AMC Filmsite.org]] |url=http://www.filmsite.org/timeout2.html |title=Top 100 Films (Readers) |publisher=American Movie Classics Company |access-date=August 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718213202/http://www.filmsite.org/timeout2.html |archive-date=July 18, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Village Voice]]'' ranked ''Vertigo'' at No. 3 in its Top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list in 1999, based on a poll of critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 |title=Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics' Poll |access-date=July 27, 2006 |year=1999 |work=The Village Voice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826201343/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 |archive-date=August 26, 2007}}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' voted it the 19th Greatest film of all time in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title = Entertainment Weekly's 100 Greatest Movies of All Time|url = http://www.filmsite.org/ew100.html|publisher = [[Filmsite.org]]|access-date = January 19, 2009|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331185517/http://www.filmsite.org/ew100.html|archive-date = March 31, 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In January 2002, the film was included on the list of the "Top 100 Essential Films of All Time" by the [[National Society of Film Critics]].<ref name="Carr81">{{Cite book |last=Carr|first=Jay |title=The A List: The National Society of Film Critics' 100 Essential Films |year=2002 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-81096-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alistnationalsoc00jayc/page/81 81] |url=https://archive.org/details/alistnationalsoc00jayc |url-access=registration|access-date=July 27, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=100 Essential Films by The National Society of Film Critics|url=https://www.filmsite.org/alist.html|website=filmsite.org}}</ref> In 2009, the film was ranked at No. 10 on Japanese film magazine ''[[Kinema Junpo]]''{{'}}s ''Top 10 Non-Japanese Films of All Time'' list.<ref name="kinejun1">{{cite web |title=「オールタイム・ベスト 映画遺産200」全ランキング公開 |url=http://www.kinejun.jp/special/90alltimebest/index.html |website=Kinema Junpo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501064506/http://www.kinejun.jp/special/90alltimebest/index.html |archive-date=May 1, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022, ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' magazine ranked the film at No.15 on their list of "The 100 best thriller films of all time".<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 best thriller films of all time|url=https://www.timeout.com/film/best-thriller-movies|website=Time Out|date=March 23, 2022}}</ref>

Already in the 1960s, ''Cahiers du Cinéma'' critics had begun re-evaluating Hitchcock as a serious artist. The film ranked eighth on ''Cahiers du Cinéma''{{'}}s [[Cahiers du Cinéma's Annual Top 10 Lists|Top 10 Films of the Year List]] in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/cahiers.html|title=Cahiers du Cinema: Top Ten Lists 1951-2009|last=Johnson|first=Eric C.|website=alumnus.caltech.edu|language=en-US|access-date=December 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327102838/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/cahiers.html|archive-date=March 27, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, even [[François Truffaut]]'s [[Hitchcock/Truffaut|1962 book of interviews with Hitchcock]] devotes only a few pages to ''Vertigo''. Dan Auiler has suggested that the real beginning of ''Vertigo''{{'}}s re-evaluation was the 1968 publication of British-Canadian scholar [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]]'s book ''Hitchcock's Films'', which called it "Hitchcock's masterpiece to date and one of the four or five most profound and beautiful films the cinema has yet given us".{{sfn|Auiler|2000|p=177}}

Adding to its mystique was the fact that ''Vertigo'' was one of five Hitchcock-owned films removed from circulation in 1973. When ''Vertigo'' was re-released in theaters in October 1983, and then on home video in October 1984, it achieved commercial success and laudatory reviews.{{sfn|Auiler|2000|pp=190–191}} The October 1996 showing of a restored print on [[70 mm film]] with [[DTS (company)|DTS]] sound at the [[Castro Theatre]] in San Francisco was met with a similarly strong reception.{{sfn|Auiler|2000|p=191}} In his 1996 review of the film, critic [[Roger Ebert]] gave it four stars out of four and included it in his list of [[The Great Movies]].<ref name="ebert">{{cite web|last1=Ebert|first1=Roger|title=Vertigo|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-vertigo-1958|website=Roger Ebert|date=October 13, 1996}}</ref>

A minority of critics have expressed dissenting opinions. In his 2004 book ''Blockbuster'', British film critic [[Tom Shone]] suggested that ''Vertigo''{{'}}s critical re-evaluation has led to excessive praise: "Hitchcock is a director who delights in getting his plot mechanisms buffed up to a nice humming shine, and so the ''Sight and Sound'' team praise the one film of his in which this is not the case&nbsp;– it's all loose ends and lopsided angles, its plumbing out on display for the critic to pick over at his leisure."{{sfn|Shone|2004|p=}}

In 1989, ''Vertigo'' was recognized as a "culturally, historically and aesthetically significant" film by the United States [[Library of Congress]] and selected for preservation in the [[National Film Registry]] in the first year of the registry's voting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |website=Library of Congress|date=January 13, 1989|access-date=September 4, 2017}}</ref>

In 2005, ''Vertigo'' was ranked at number two in ''[[Total Film]]'' magazine's ''100 Greatest Movies of All Time,'' behind only ''[[Goodfellas]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Total Film]] |title=Who is the greatest? |date=October 24, 2005 |url=http://www.totalfilm.com/news/who-is-the-greatest |access-date=August 4, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123115358/http://www.totalfilm.com/news/who-is-the-greatest |archive-date=January 23, 2014 }}</ref> In 2008, an ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' poll of readers, actors, and critics named it the 40th greatest movie ever made.<ref>{{cite news|work=Empire Magazine|title=Empire's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time|date=January 1, 2014|url=https://www.empireonline.com/500/35.asp|access-date=January 1, 2014}}</ref> The film was voted at No. 8 on the 2008 list of "100 Greatest Films" by ''Cahiers du Cinéma''.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmdetail.com/2008/11/23/cahiers-du-cinemas-100-greatest-films/|title=Cahiers du cinéma's 100 Greatest Films|date=November 23, 2008}}</ref> In 2010, ''[[The Guardian]]'' ranked it as the third-best crime film of all time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gilbey, Ryan |date=October 17, 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/17/vertigo-hitchcock-crime|title=Vertigo: No 3 best crime film of all time|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> ''Vertigo'' ranked third on the [[BBC]]'s 2015 list of the 100 greatest American films.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest American Films|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150720-the-100-greatest-american-films|website=bbc|date=July 20, 2015}}</ref>

On [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 87 reviews, with an average rating of 8.90/10. The website's critics consensus reads deems it "an unpredictable scary thriller that doubles as a mournful meditation on love, loss, and human comfort".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vertigo|title=Vertigo|website=Rotten tomatoes}}</ref> As of February 2024, ''Vertigo'' is one of only fourteen films with a perfect score on [[Metacritic]] (two other Hitchcock films, ''Notorious'' and ''Rear Window'', are also on the list).<ref>{{cite web|title=Vertigo|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/vertigo/critic-reviews|website=Metacritic}}</ref>

The most recent edition of the [[American Film Institute]]'s top 100 films of all time, released in [[AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)|2007]], placed Vertigo at number nine, up 52 positions from its placement at number 61 in the original 1998 list.

'''[[American Film Institute]] recognition'''
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies]] (1998) #61
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills]] (2001) #18
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions]] (2002) #18
*[[AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores]] (2005) #12
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)]] (2007) #9
*[[AFI's 10 Top 10]] (2008) #1 Mystery<ref>{{cite news | publisher = [[American Film Institute]] | title = AFI's 10 Top 10 | date = June 17, 2008 | url = http://www.afi.com/10top10/mystery.html | access-date=June 18, 2008}}</ref>

The San Francisco locations have become celebrated amongst the film's fans, with organized tours across the area.{{efn|Such a tour is featured in a subsection of [[Chris Marker]]'s documentary montage ''[[Sans Soleil]]''.}} In March 1997, the French magazine ''[[Les Inrockuptibles]]'' published a special issue about ''Vertigo's'' locations in San Francisco, ''Dans le décor''.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Les Inrockuptibles]]|title=''Vertigo's''|author=Various |date=March 1997}}</ref>

Directors [[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Denis Villeneuve]] have listed ''Vertigo'' as among their favorite films of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.miramax.com/subscript/scorseses-favorite-films|title=Scorsese's 12 favorite films |publisher=Miramax.com |access-date=December 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226091025/http://www.miramax.com/subscript/scorseses-favorite-films |archive-date=December 26, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Matt |title='Dune' Director Names His Favorite Movies of 2024 |url=https://movieweb.com/favorite-movies-of-2024-dune-director-denis-villeneuve/ |access-date=17 March 2015|work=MovieWeb |date=15 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Denis Villeneuve’s Favorite Movies: 29 Films the Director Wants You to See |url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/denis-villeneuve-favorite-movies/ |access-date=17 March 2025|work=IndieWire |date=26 February 2023 }}</ref>

The renewed public appreciation for ''Vertigo'' is accompanied by a growing body of academic scholarship. Conferences like the Annual International Vertigo conference, for instance, showcase this trend, as evidenced by its 2018 event at [[Trinity College Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/370038885|title=2018 Annual International Vertigo conference}},</ref>

===Critical works on ''Vertigo''===
*[[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]]'s chapter on ''Vertigo'' in ''Hitchcock's Films''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Robin |title=Hitchcock's Films |publisher=A. Zwemmer Limited |date=1965 }}</ref>
*[[Molly Haskell]]'s essay, "With Paintbrush and Mirror: 'Vertigo' & 'As You Desire Me{{'"}} in ''The Village Voice''<ref>Haskell, Molly. "With Paintbrush and Mirror: 'Vertigo' & 'As You Desire Me{{'"}}. ''The Village Voice''. June 10, 1971. pp. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JnpIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H4wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6476%2C4967293 69-71], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JnpIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H4wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4839%2C4986780 73]. Retrieved May 10, 2019.</ref>
*[[Laura Mulvey]]'s ''Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema'', popularizing the concept of the [[male gaze]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mulvey |first=Laura |date=1975 |title=Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema |url= http://www.composingdigitalmedia.org/f15_mca/mca_reads/mulvey.pdf |journal=Screen |page=65 }}</ref>

===Classification as film noir===
Critical opinion is divided on whether or not ''Vertigo'' should be considered an example of [[film noir]]. Some consider it a film noir on the basis of plot and tone and various motifs, despite it having [[mid-century modern]] visuals typical of the 1950s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/sep/26/poster.vertigo|title=Vertigo: Disorientation in orange|last=Rennie|first=Paul|date=September 29, 2008|access-date=April 25, 2018|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Others say the use of [[Technicolor]], color symbolism, and the specificity of Hitchcock's vision exclude it from the category.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bould |first1=Mark |title='Film Noir: From Berlin to Sin City' |date=2005 |publisher=Wallflower |location=London and New York |isbn=978-1-904764-50-2 |page=18}}</ref> Nicholas Christopher,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Christopher |first1=Nicholas |title=Somewhere in the Night: Film Noir and the American City |date=1998 |publisher=Owl/Henry Holt |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8050-5699-0 |edition=1st paperback}}</ref> Robert Ottoson,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ottoson |first1=Robert |title=A Reference Guide to the American Film Noir: 1940–1958 |date=1981 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-1363-2 |location=Metuchen, N.J., and London}}</ref> and Silver and Ward,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Silver |first1=Alain |last2=Ward |first2=Elizabeth |title=Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style |date=1992 |publisher=Overlook Press |location=Woodstock, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-87951-479-2 |edition=3rd}}</ref> for instance, do not include ''Vertigo'' in their filmographies of film noir. By contrast, Foster Hirsch describes ''Vertigo'' as among the Hitchcock films that are "richly, demonstrably ''noir''".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hirsch |first1=Foster |title=The Dark Side of the Screen: Film Noir |date=2001 |publisher=Da Capo |location=New York |page=139|isbn=978-0-306-81039-8}}</ref>