Editing Urination (section)

==Social and cultural aspects==
===Art===
A [[puer mingens]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Piepenbring |first1=Dan |title=A secret history of the pissing figure in art |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-secret-history-of-the-pissing-figure-in-art |access-date=February 2, 2020 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=September 20, 2017}}</ref> is a figure in a work of art depicted as a prepubescent boy in the act of urinating, either actual or simulated. The puer mingens could represent anything from whimsy and boyish innocence to erotic symbols of virility and masculine bravado.<ref name="Simons">{{cite journal |last1=Simons |first1=Patricia |title=Manliness and the Visual Semiotics of Bodily Fluids in Early Modern Culture |journal=Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies |date=2009 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–373 |doi=10.1215/10829636-2008-025}}</ref>
{{Image frame|align=center|border=no|content=<gallery mode="packed">
File:Hypnérotomachie - éd. Martin - p28r.jpeg|[[Woodcut]] of a [[puer mingens]], from the [[Hypnerotomachia Poliphili]], 1499
File:Lynxurius in medieval bestiary.jpg|''[[Lyngurium|Lapis lynxurius]]'' in a medieval bestiary
File:Château_de_Fontainebleau-Chien_assis-Pierre_Biart-20170625.jpg|Urinating dog statue at the [[Château de Fontainebleau]]
File:Het Zinneke (DSCF5238) Brussels, BE.jpg|''[[Het Zinneke]]'' in Brussels
File:Abraham Teerlink Urinating ram.jpg|Painting of a ram by [[Abraham Teerlink]]
File:Ein stallender Schimmel mit einem Bauern, der einen Sattel aufhängt (SM 1378z).png|''Ein stallender Schimmel mit einem Bauern, der einen Sattel aufhängt'' by [[Francesco Casanova]]
File:Paard in een weiland dat aan een hek gebonden is, RP-T-1916-24.jpg|''Paard in een weiland dat aan een hek gebonden is'' by [[Wouter Johannes van Troostwijk]]
</gallery>}}
{{clear}}

===Toilet training===
{{Main|Toilet training}}

Babies have little socialized control over urination within traditions or families that do not practice [[elimination communication]] and instead use [[diaper]]s. [[Toilet training]] is the process of learning to restrict urination to socially approved times and situations. Consequently, young children sometimes develop [[nocturnal enuresis]].<ref>''Review of Medical Physiology'', twentieth edition, William F. Ganong, MD</ref>{{fcn|date=July 2022}}

===Facilities===
It is socially more accepted and more environmentally hygienic for those who are able, especially when indoors and in outdoor urban or suburban areas, to urinate in a [[toilet]]. Public toilets may have [[Urinal (restroom)|urinal]]s, usually for males, although [[female urinal]]s exist, designed to be used in various ways.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

===Urination without facilities===
{{Further|Urinal|Urine deflector|Telescopic toilet|Pissoir}}
{{see also|Public urination}}
[[Image:Mar2024. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Urinar na Rua e infracao penal. near Praça General Tiburcio.jpg|thumb|A sign in [[Fortaleza]], [[Brazil]], warning that public urination is illegal]]
Acceptability of outdoor urination in a public place other than at a [[Public toilet|public urinal]] varies with the situation and with customs. Potential disadvantages include a dislike of the smell of urine, and exposure of genitals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saner |first1=Emine |title=The war against wild toileting: is there any way to stop people weeing – and worse – in the street? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/apr/05/the-war-against-wild-toileting-stop-weeing-street-urinating |publisher=Guardian |access-date=19 March 2024 |location=UK |date=5 Apr 2023}}</ref> It can be avoided or mitigated by going to a quiet place and/or facing a tree or wall if urinating standing up, or while squatting, hiding the back behind walls, bushes, or a tree.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

[[Chemical toilet|Portable toilet]]s (port-a-potties) are frequently placed in outdoor situations where no immediate facility is available. These need to be serviced (cleaned out) on a regular basis. Urination in a heavily wooded area is generally harmless, actually saves water, and may be condoned for males (and less commonly, females) in certain situations as long as common sense is used. Examples (depending on circumstances) include activities such as camping, hiking, delivery driving, cross country running, rural fishing, amateur baseball, golf, etc.

The more developed and crowded a place is, the more public urination tends to be objectionable. In the countryside, it is more acceptable than in a street in a town, where it may be a common transgression. Often this is done after the consumption of [[alcoholic beverage]]s, which causes production of additional urine as well as a reduction of [[Social inhibition|inhibition]]s. One proposed way to inhibit public urination due to drunkenness is the [[Urilift]], which is disguised as a normal manhole by day but raises out of the ground at night to provide a public restroom for bar-goers.

In many places, public urination is punishable by fines, though attitudes vary widely by country. In general, females are less likely to urinate in public than males. Women and girls, unlike men and boys, are restricted in where they can urinate conveniently and discreetly.<ref name="Doress-Worters">The new ourselves, growing older: women aging with knowledge and power, Paula Brown Doress-Worters, Diana Laskin Siegal, Boston Women's Health Book Collective, Simon & Schuster, 1994, Page 301</ref>

The 5th-century BC historian [[Herodotus]], writing on the culture of the [[Achaemenid Empire|ancient Persians]] and highlighting the differences with those of the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]], noted that to urinate in the presence of others was prohibited among Persians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herodotus-iii|title=HERODOTUS iii. DEFINING THE PERSIANS – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=www.iranicaonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/herodotus-persians.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}</ref>

There was{{when|date=August 2015}} a popular belief in the UK, that it was legal for a man to urinate in public so long as it occurred on the rear wheel of his vehicle and he had his right hand on the vehicle, but this is not true.<ref>{{cite web | title= Legal Curiosities: Fact or Fable? | publisher = [[Law Commission (England and Wales)]] | date = April 2015 | url = http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/Legal_Oddities.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629195445/http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/Legal_Oddities.pdf | archive-date = 29 June 2015}}</ref> Public urination still remains more accepted by males in the UK, although British cultural tradition itself seems to find such practices objectionable.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2010/01/public-toilet-british-sex-piss|title=From buttoned-up Britain to urine nation|work=New Statesman|access-date=26 February 2011}}</ref>

In [[Islamic toilet etiquette]], it is [[haram]] to urinate while facing the [[Qibla]], or to turn one's back to it when urinating or relieving bowels, but modesty requirements for females make it impossible for girls to relieve themselves without facilities.<ref>Unveiling the Breath: One Woman's Journey Into Understanding Islam and Gender Equality, Donna Kennedy-Glans pg. 69</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rizvi |first1=Sayyid Saeed Akhtar |title=Elements of Islamic Studies |date=1986 |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania |isbn=978-9976-956-05-4 }}{{pn|date=July 2024}}</ref> When toilets are unavailable, females can relieve themselves in [[Laos]], [[Russia]] and [[Mongolia]] in emergency,{{fact|date=July 2024}} but it remains less accepted for females in [[India]] even when circumstances make this a highly desirable option.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwarzenbach |first1=Sibyl A. |last2=Smith |first2=Patricia |title=Women and the U.S. Constitution: History, Interpretation, and Practice |date=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50296-2 |page=157 }}</ref>

Women generally need to urinate more frequently than men, but as opposed to the common misconception, it is not due to having smaller bladders.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1975 |title=Report of the Task Group on Reference Man |url=https://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%2023 |journal=Report of the Task Group on Reference Man |publisher=Pergamon Press |page=180}}</ref> Resisting the urge to urinate because of lack of facilities can promote [[urinary tract infection]]s which can lead to more serious infections and, in rare situations, can cause [[Renal failure|renal damage]] in women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=24369 |title=06/07/2002 - Mobile crews must have prompt access to nearby toilet facilities |publisher=Osha.gov |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urologychannel.com/uti/prevention.shtml |title=Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Prevention – Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) |publisher=Urologychannel.com |access-date=10 February 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203083053/http://www.urologychannel.com/uti/prevention.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Female urination device]]s are available to help women to urinate discreetly, as well to help them urinate while standing.

===Sitting, standing, or squatting===
Techniques and body postures while urinating vary across cultures. Different anatomical conditions in men and women may presume different postures, yet these are largely shaped by cultural norms, types of clothing, and the sanitary facilities available. While sitting toilets are the most common form in Western countries, squat toilets are common in [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and the [[Arab world]]. Urinals for men are widespread worldwide, although [[women's urinal]]s are available in some countries, recently becoming more common in Western countries. With the spread of pants among women, a standing posture became impractical, but in some regions where women wear traditional skirts or robes, an upright posture is common.<ref>B. Möllring (2003): [https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-udk/files/8/moellring_bettina.pdf Toiletten und Urinale für Frauen und Männer: die Gestaltung von Sanitärobjekten und ihre Verwendung in öffentlichen und privaten Bereichen.] Publication of the [[Berlin University of the Arts]] (German)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gershenson |first1=Olga |last2=Penner |first2=Barbara |title=Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender |date=2009 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-59213-940-8 }}{{pn|date=July 2024}}</ref>

Some squat as it is the natural posture in which the body aligns the bladder properly and gravity helps to completely empty the bladder which prevents various complications like UTI,<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Prevent a UTI Naturally |url=https://www.pelvicexercises.com.au/how-to-prevent-a-uti-naturally/?srsltid=AfmBOopLq0pTrbOv_wWdJKBAF9ndmSoEDoY5VS2Dyrt83VuPD-ciTT55}}</ref> which is gender neutral. 

====Males====
{{See also|Seated urination}}
[[File:Peeing .jpg|thumb|upright|A man uses a [[urinal]], voiding urine in a standing position.]]
Cultures around the world differ regarding socially accepted voiding positions and preferences: in the Middle East and Asia, the [[squatting position]] was more prevalent, while in the Western world the standing and sitting positions were more common.<ref name="2014review">{{cite journal |last1=de Jong |first1=Y. |last2=Pinckaers |first2=J.H.F.M. |last3=ten Brinck |first3=R.M. |last4=Lycklama à Nijeholt |first4=A.A.B. |title=Invloed van mictiehouding op urodynamische parameters bij mannen: een literatuuronderzoek |trans-title=Influence of voiding posture on urodynamic parameters in men: a literature review |language=nl |journal=Tijdschrift voor Urologie |date=February 2014 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=36–42 |doi=10.1007/s13629-014-0008-5 }}</ref> For practising [[Muslim]] men, the genital [[modesty]] of squatting is also associated with proper [[cleanliness]] requirements or [[awrah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suhaibwebb.com/ummah/men/standing-and-urinating-in-islam|title=Standing up and urinating in Islam|author=Mustafa Umar|publisher=Iman Suhaib Webb (USA)|access-date=11 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530003904/http://www.suhaibwebb.com/ummah/men/standing-and-urinating-in-islam/|archive-date=30 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In Western culture, the [[Standard anatomical position|standing position]] is regarded as the more efficient or masculine option for healthy males.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Phelps |first=Charlotte |last2=Moro |first2=Christian |date=2023-06-16 |title=Does it matter if you sit or stand to pee? And what about peeing in the shower? |url=https://theconversation.com/does-it-matter-if-you-sit-or-stand-to-pee-and-what-about-peeing-in-the-shower-206869 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=Guys Who Sit Down to Pee: Why? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/men-who-sit-down-to-pee/ |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> In restrooms without urinals, and sometimes at home, men may be urged to use the sitting position as to diminish spattering of urine.<ref name="2014review" />

Elderly males with [[prostate gland]] enlargement may benefit from sitting down to urinate, with the seated voiding position found superior as compared with standing in elderly males with [[benign prostate hyperplasia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=de Jong|first1=Y|last2=Pinckaers|first2=JH|last3=Ten Brinck|first3=RM|last4=Lycklama À Nijeholt|first4=AA|last5=Dekkers|first5=OM|title=Urinating Standing versus Sitting: Position Is of Influence in Men with Prostate Enlargement. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2014| volume=9|issue=7|pages=e101320|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0101320|pmid=25051345|pmc=4106761|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j1320D|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Females====
In Western culture, females usually sit or squat for urination, depending on what type of toilet they use; a [[squat toilet]] is used for urination in a squatting position. Women averting contact with a [[toilet seat]] may employ a partial [[Squatting position#Female urination position|squatting position]] (or "hovering"), similar to using a [[female urinal]]. However, this may not completely void the [[bladder]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Kidney-infection/Pages/Prevention.aspx |title=Preventing kidney infection |date=11 December 2012 |website=nhs.uk |publisher=[[National Health Service]] |access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref>

Females may also urinate while standing, and while clothed.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://restrooms.org/standing.html |title=A Woman's Guide on How to Pee Standing |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030604104917/http://restrooms.org/standing.html |archive-date = 4 June 2003}}</ref> It is common for women in various regions of Africa to use this position when they urinate,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelblog.org/Africa/Cote-d-Ivoire/South/Abidjan/blog-234347.html |title=Courtesy Laughs in the Ivory Coast |publisher=Travelblog.org |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.experienceproject.com/mobile/stories/Pee/528391?aok=t | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729185754/http://www.experienceproject.com/mobile/stories/Pee/528391?aok=t |title=Women Standing and Men Squatting to Pee – A Personal Story (Mobile Version) |publisher=Experienceproject.com |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> as do women in [[Laos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelblog.org/Asia/blog-27609.html |title=Road to Hanoi |publisher=Travelblog.org |date=16 November 2005 |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> [[Herodotus]] described a similar custom in [[ancient Egypt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/arts/10conn.html|title=Herodotus – The Histories – Connections|newspaper=The New York Times|date=10 December 2007|access-date=23 January 2010 | first=Edward | last=Rothstein}}</ref> An alternative method for women voiding while standing is to use a [[female urination device]] to assist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc2news.com/news/local/story/Women-Can-Go-Like-Men-Now/W7k5svWHyUixK3RabtrJBg.cspx |title=Women Can 'Go' Like Men Now! |access-date=11 October 2009 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011031817/http://www.abc2news.com/news/local/story/Women-Can-Go-Like-Men-Now/W7k5svWHyUixK3RabtrJBg.cspx |archive-date=11 October 2009 }}, ABC 2 News, Maryland, 3 September 2009</ref>

===Talking about urination===
<!-- linked from redirect [[wee-wee]] -->
In many societies and in many social classes, even mentioning the need to urinate is seen as a social transgression, despite it being a universal need. Many adults avoid stating that they need to urinate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.thefreedictionary.com/postst48621_excuse-yourself-to-go-to-the-toilet-politely.aspx|title=excuse yourself to go to the toilet politely - English Vocabulary - English - The Free Dictionary Language Forums|website=forum.thefreedictionary.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/148362/is-there-a-formal-way-to-say-we-want-to-go-to-the-toilet|title=Is there a formal way to say we want to go to the toilet?|website=english.stackexchange.com}}</ref>

Many expressions exist, some [[euphemism|euphemistic]] and some vulgar. For example, centuries ago the standard English word (both noun and verb, for the product and the activity) was "[[wiktionary:piss|piss]]", but subsequently "pee", formerly associated with children, has become more common in general public speech. Since elimination of bodily wastes is, of necessity, a subject talked about with toddlers during [[toilet training]], other expressions considered suitable for use by and with children exist, and some continue to be used by adults, e.g. "weeing", "doing/having a wee-wee", "to tinkle", "[[wiktionary:go potty|go potty]]", "go pee pee".{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

Other expressions include "squirting" and "taking a leak", and, predominantly by younger persons for outdoor female urination, "popping a squat", referring to the position many women adopt in such circumstances. National [[varieties of English]] show creativity. [[American English]] uses "to whiz".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whiz|title=Definition of WHIZ|website=www.merriam-webster.com|date=17 March 2024 }}</ref> [[Australian English]] has coined "I am off to take a [[Music of China|Chinese singing]] lesson", derived from the tinkling sound of urination against the China porcelain of a toilet bowl.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.definition-of.com/have+Chinese+singing+lesson |title=have Chinese singing lesson |publisher=Definition-of.com |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> [[British English]] uses "going to see my aunt", "going to [[see a man about a dog]]", "to piddle", "to splash (one's) boots", as well as "to have a slash", which originates from the [[Scottish English|Scottish term]] for a large splash of liquid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sex-lexis.com/Sex-Dictionary/have%20a%20slash |title=have a slash – Dictionary of sexual terms |publisher=Sex-lexis.com |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> One of the most common, albeit old-fashioned, euphemisms in British English is "to spend a penny", a reference to coin-operated [[pay toilet]]s, which used ([[Decimal Day|pre-decimalisation]]) to charge that sum.<ref>{{cite web|last=Martin |first=Gary |url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/spend-a-penny.html |title=Spend a penny |publisher=Phrases.org.uk |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref>

====Use in language====
{{Further|Wiktionary:Appendix:English toilet slang#Urination}}
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2013}}
References to urination are commonly used in [[slang]]. Usage in English includes:
*[[wikt:piss off|''Piss'' (someone) off]] (to anger someone; alternatively, to leave somewhere in a hurry)
*''Piss off!'' (to express contempt; see above)
*''Pissing'' down (to refer to heavy rain)
*[[Pissing contest]] (an unproductive ego-driven battle)
*''[[wikt:pisshead|Pisshead]]'' (vulgar way to refer to someone who drinks too much [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]])
*''[[Pissant#Slang|Piss ant]]'' (a worthless person; in non-slang usage the term refers to several species of ant whose colonies have a urine-like odor)
*''Pissing'' up a flagpole (to partake in a futile activity)
*''Pissing'' into the wind (to act in ways that cause self-harm)
*''[[wikt:piss away|Piss away]]'' (to squander or use wastefully)
*[[Taking the piss]] (to take liberties, be unreasonable, or to mock another person)
*''Full of piss and vinegar'' (energetic or ambitious late adolescent or young adult male)
*''Piss up'' (British expression for drinking to get drunk)
* ''Pissed'' (drunk in British English or angry in American English)

===Urination and sexual activity===

==== In humans ====
{{Main article|Urolagnia}}
[[File:Thomson%27s_gazelle_(8455456576).jpg|thumb|Male mammals detect [[estrous cycle|estrus]] from chemical signals in the female's urine<ref name="Estes1991"/>]]
[[Urolagnia]] is a [[paraphilia]] related to the act, sight, or smell of urine or urination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/urolagnia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709050317/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/urolagnia |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=Definition of urolagnia |publisher=Oxforddictionaries.com |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> Urine may be consumed, or the person may bathe in it; this is known colloquially as a [[Golden shower (urolagnia)|golden shower]]. Involuntary urination during sexual intercourse is common, but rarely acknowledged. In one survey, 24% of women reported involuntary urination during sexual intercourse; in 66% of patients urination occurred on [[sexual penetration|penetration]], while in 33% urine leakage was restricted to orgasm.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hilton P | year = 1988 | title = Urinary incontinence during sexual intercourse: a common, but rarely volunteered, symptom | journal = BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology | volume = 95 | issue = 4| pages = 377–381 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06609.x | pmid=3382610| s2cid = 26659249 }}</ref>

==== In other animals ====
Female [[kob]] may exhibit urolagnia during sex; one female will [[urinate]] while the other sticks her nose in the stream.<ref name="You Are Being Lied to: The">Kick (2001)</ref><ref name="Imaginova 2007e">Imaginova (2007e)</ref> 

Some mammals [[Self-anointing in animals#Ungulates|urinate on themselves]] in order to attract mates during the [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|rut]] or urinate on other individuals before mating with them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vandenbergh |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUpYID8Rc3UC&dq=copulation+ungulates&pg=PA9 |title=Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals |date=2012-12-02 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-15651-6 |language=en}}</ref> A male [[Patagonian mara]], a type of rodent, will stand on his hind legs and urinate on a female's rump, to which the female may respond by spraying a jet of urine backwards into the face of the male.<ref name="Genest1974">{{cite journal |author1=Genest H. |author2=Dubost G. | year = 1974 | title = Pair living in the mara ('' Dolichotis paragonum Z'' ) | journal = Mammalia | volume = 38 | issue = 2| pages = 155–162 | doi=10.1515/mamm.1974.38.2.155|s2cid=86771537 }}</ref> The male's urination is meant to repel other males from his partner while the female's urination is a rejection of any approaching male when she is not receptive.<ref name="Genest1974" /> Both anal digging and urination are more frequent during the breeding season and are more commonly done by males.<ref name="Taber1984">{{cite journal |author1=TABER B. E. |author2=MACDONALD D. W. | year = 1984 | title = Scent dispersing papillae and associated behaviour in the mara, ''Dolichotis patagonum'' (Rodentia: Caviomorpha) | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 203 | issue = 2 | pages = 298–301 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb02333.x}}</ref>

A male porcupine urinates on a female porcupine prior to mating, spraying the urine at high velocity.<ref name="Fergus2000">{{cite book |author=Charles Fergus |title=Wildlife of Pennsylvania: And the Northeast |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4gLRnplhVwC&q=porcupine+mating+urine&pg=PA75 |access-date=31 March 2013 |date=1 September 2000 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-2899-7 |pages=75–}}</ref><ref name="Roze2012">{{cite book |author=Uldis Roze |title=Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtOhh7ILpT0C&pg=PA97 |access-date=31 March 2013 |date=28 September 2012 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0735-7 |pages=97–}}</ref><ref name="Cavendish2007">{{cite book |author=Marshall Cavendish |title=EXPLORING MAMMALS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWFx7sJ-D3sC&pg=PA1088 |access-date=31 March 2013 |year=2007 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7719-8 |pages=1088–}}</ref><ref name="Naughton2012">{{cite book |author=Donna Naughton |title=A Natural History of Canadian Mammals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IlOhvOAIb4C&pg=PA214 |access-date=31 March 2013 |year=2012 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-4483-0 |pages=214–}}</ref><ref name="Carnaby2008">{{cite book |author=Trevor Carnaby |title=Beat About the Bush: Mammals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4u-VroUwC6QC&q=porcupine+mating+urine |access-date=21 May 2013 |date=30 January 2008 |publisher=Jacana Media |isbn=978-1-77009-240-2}}</ref>

{{Anchor|Animals}}{{Anchor|In other animals}}{{anchor|Other animals}}{{anchor|Cervidae}}