Editing Urdu (section)

== Comparison with Modern Standard Hindi ==
{{Further|Hindi–Urdu controversy|Hindustani phonology|Hindustani grammar}}
[[File:Trilingual road sign in India.png|thumb|upright=1.36|Urdu and Hindi on a road sign in India. The Urdu version is a direct transliteration of the English; the Hindi is a part transliteration ("parcel" and "rail") and part translation: "karyalay" and "arakshan kendra"]]

Standard Urdu is often [[Hindi#Standard Hindi and Urdu|compared]] with [[Standard Hindi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/809102/the-death-of-urdu-in-india-is-greatly-exaggerated-the-language-is-actually-thriving|title=Hindi and Urdu are classified as literary registers of the same language|date=June 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602104222/http://scroll.in/article/809102/the-death-of-urdu-in-india-is-greatly-exaggerated-the-language-is-actually-thriving|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> Both Urdu and Hindi, which are considered standard registers of the same language, [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (or Hindi-Urdu), share a core vocabulary and [[Hindustani grammar|grammar]].<ref name="PeterDass2019"/><ref name="Basu"/><ref name="GubeGao2019"/><ref name="Kuiper2010">{{cite book |last1=Kuiper |first1=Kathleen |title=The Culture of India |date=2010 |publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-61530-149-2 |language=en |quote=Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language.}}</ref>

Apart from religious associations, the differences are largely restricted to the [[standard language|standard forms]]: Standard Urdu is conventionally written in the [[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaliq style]] of the [[Persian alphabet]] and relies heavily on Persian and Arabic as a source for technical and literary vocabulary,<ref name="Language in India-Bringing Order to Linguistic Diversity: Language Planning in the British Raj">{{cite web|url = http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2001/punjab1.html|title = Bringing Order to Linguistic Diversity: Language Planning in the British Raj|publisher = Language in India|access-date = 20 May 2008|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080526010825/http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2001/punjab1.html|archive-date = 26 May 2008|df = dmy-all}}</ref> whereas Standard Hindi is conventionally written in [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]] and draws on [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Sikmirza">{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html| title = A Brief Hindi&nbsp;– Urdu FAQ|publisher = sikmirza|access-date = 20 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202103338/http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html|archive-date=2 December 2007}}</ref> However, both share a core vocabulary of native [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]] derived words and a significant number of [[Arabic]] and Persian loanwords, with a consensus of linguists considering them to be two standardised forms of the same language<ref name="UC Davis-Linguists">{{cite web|url = http://mesa.ucdavis.edu/academics/languages-1/hindu-urdu|title = Hindi/Urdu Language Instruction|publisher = University of California, Davis|access-date = 3 January 2015|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150103095430/http://mesa.ucdavis.edu/academics/languages-1/hindu-urdu|archive-date = 3 January 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{e25|hin|Hindi}}</ref> and consider the differences to be [[sociolinguistics|sociolinguistic]];<ref name="South Asian Voice">{{cite web| url = http://india_resource.tripod.com/Urdu.html| title = Urdu and its Contribution to Secular Values| publisher = South Asian Voice| access-date = 26 February 2008| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071111145027/http://india_resource.tripod.com/Urdu.html| archive-date = 11 November 2007| df = dmy-all}}</ref> a few classify them separately.<ref>The Annual of Urdu studies, number 11, 1996, "Some notes on Hindi and Urdu", pp. 203–208.</ref> The two languages are often considered to be a single language (Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu) on a [[dialect continuum]] ranging from Persianised to Sanskritised vocabulary,<ref name="Everaert-2010" /> but now they are more and more different in words due to politics.<ref name="Warsi-2021" /> Old Urdu dictionaries also contain most of the Sanskrit words now present in Hindi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shakespear|first=John|title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhindus00shak|year=1834|publisher=Black, Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728165559/https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhindus00shak|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Fallon|first=S. W.|title=A new Hindustani-English dictionary, with illustrations from Hindustani literature and folk-lore|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/fallon/|year=1879|publisher=Printed at the Medical Hall Press|location=Banāras|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011004710/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/fallon/|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialised contexts that rely on academic or technical vocabulary. In a longer conversation, differences in formal vocabulary and pronunciation of some Urdu [[phonemes]] are noticeable, though many native Hindi speakers also pronounce these phonemes.<ref name="ShapiroSchiffman2019">{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Michael C. |last2=Schiffman |first2=Harold F. |title=Language and Society in South Asia |date=2019 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-085763-4 |language=en|page=53}}</ref> At a phonological level, speakers of both languages are frequently aware of the Perso-Arabic or Sanskrit origins of their word choice, which affects the pronunciation of those words.<ref name="Clyne-2012b">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&q=Linguistic+Descriptions+of+Hindi-Urdu+pluricentric+languages|title=Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations|last=Clyne|first=Michael|date=24 May 2012|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-088814-0|pages=391|language=en}}</ref> Urdu speakers will often insert vowels to break up consonant clusters found in words of Sanskritic origin, but will pronounce them correctly in Arabic and Persian loanwords.<ref name="Sikmirza2">{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html|title=A Brief Hindi&nbsp;– Urdu FAQ|publisher=sikmirza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202103338/http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html|archive-date=2 December 2007|access-date=20 May 2008}}</ref> As a result of religious nationalism since the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] and continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert that they are distinct languages.

The [[Hindustani grammar|grammar of Hindi and Urdu]] is shared,<ref name="PeterDass2019">{{cite book |last1=Peter-Dass |first1=Rakesh |title=Hindi Christian Literature in Contemporary India |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-070224-8 |language=en |quote=Two forms of the same language, Nagarai Hindi and Persianized Hindi (Urdu) had identical grammar, shared common words and roots, and employed different scripts.}}</ref><ref name="Hoernle1880">{{cite book |last1=Hoernle |first1=August Friedrich Rudolf |title=A Grammar of the Eastern Hindi Compared with the Other Gaudian Languages: Accompanied by a Language-map and Table of Alphabets |url=https://archive.org/details/agrammareastern00hoergoog |date=1880 |publisher=Trübner |pages=vii |language=en |quote=Hence Urdu and High-Hindi are really the same language; they have an identical grammar and differ merely in the vocabulary, the former using as many foreign words, the latter as few as possible.}}</ref> though formal Urdu makes more use of the Persian "-e-" [[Ezāfe|''izafat'']] grammatical construct (as in ''[[Hammam-e-Qadimi]]'', or ''[[Nishan-e-Haider]]'') than does Hindi.