Editing Troy (section)

=== Manfred Korfmann ===
From 1988 to 2005, excavations were conducted by a team from the [[University of Tübingen]] and the [[University of Cincinnati]] under the direction of Professor [[Manfred Korfmann]], with Professor [[C. Brian Rose|Brian Rose]] overseeing Post-Bronze Age (Greek, Roman, Byzantine) excavation along the coast of the Aegean Sea at the Bay of Troy. Possible evidence of a battle was found in the form of bronze arrowheads and fire-damaged human remains buried in layers dated to the early 12th century BC. The question of Troy VI's status in the Bronze-Age world was the subject of a sometimes acerbic debate between Korfmann and the Tübingen historian [[Frank Kolb]] in 2001–2002.<ref>[https://scholar.archive.org/work/ijsq7in5dnd7joonlmwa5dt4ny/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4974BD1EC7BF9BFAD2E7E63B9D44C5A9/S0066154600008358a.pdf/div-class-title-troy-in-clearer-perspective-div.pdf] Hertel, Dieter, and Frank Kolb, "Troy in clearer perspective", Anatolian studies 53, pp. 71-88, 2003</ref><ref>[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.3764/aja.108.4.577] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318155032/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.3764/aja.108.4.577|date=18 March 2023}}Kolb, Frank, "Troy VI: A trading center and commercial city?", American Journal of Archaeology 108.4, pp. 577-613, 2004</ref><ref>[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.3764/aja.108.4.615] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318233929/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.3764/aja.108.4.615|date=18 March 2023}}Jablonka, Peter, and C. Brian Rose, "Late Bronze Age Troy: A Response to Frank Kolb", American Journal of Archaeology 108.4, pp. 615-630, 2004</ref>

One of the major discoveries of these excavations was the Troy&nbsp;VI–VII lower city. This lower town had a wide anti-chariot defensive ditch backed by a wooden palisade. Added to the citadel this lower town would have brought Troy up to an area of around 200,000 square meters. This discovery led to a major reinterpretation of the site, which had previously been regarded as a small aristocratic residence rather than a major settlement.<ref>Korfmann, Manfred, "Troia, an Ancient Anatolian Palatial and Trading Center: Archaeological Evidence for the Period of Troia VI/VII", The Classical World, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 369–85, 1998</ref>

A number of radiocarbon dates, from charcoal samples, were obtained from various phases of the Troy I level.<ref>[https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/1692/1696] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318231707/https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/1692/1696|date=18 March 2023}}Weninger, Bernhard, "Stratified 14C dates and ceramic chronologies: case studies for the Early Bronze Age at Troy (Turkey) and Ezero (Bulgaria)", Radiocarbon 37.2, pp. 443-456, 1995</ref>

From 2006 until 2012, these excavations continued under the direction of Korfmann's colleague Ernst Pernicka, with a new digging permit.<ref>E. Pernicka, Ch. B. Rose, P. Jablonka (eds), "Troia 1987–2012: Grabungen und Forschungen I", Studia Troica Monographien 5, Bonn, 2014</ref><ref>Pernicka, Ernst, Magda Pieniążek, Peter Pavúk, and Diane Thumm-Doğrayan, "Troia 1987–2012: Grabungen und Forschungen III. Troia VI bis Troia VII: Ausgehende mittlere und späte Bronzezeit", Bonn, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, 2020</ref>