Editing Transphobia (section)

==In gay, lesbian, and bisexual communities==
Transphobia is documented in the [[lesbian]], [[gay]] and [[bisexual]] communities, despite historic cooperation between these communities in campaigns for equality.<ref name="TransAdvocate1">{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Christian|title=Interview With an Actual Stonewall Riot Veteran: The Ciswashing of Stonewall Must End!|url=http://www.transadvocate.com/interview-with-an-actual-stonewall-riot-veteran-the-ciswashing-of-stonewall-must-end_n_8750.htm|website=transadvocate.com|access-date=27 December 2014|date=18 February 2013}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2017}}<ref name="Prospect1">{{cite journal|last1=Talusan |first1=Meridith |title=45 Years After Stonewall, the LGBT Movement Has a Transphobia Problem |url=http://prospect.org/article/45-years-after-stonewall-lgbt-movement-has-transphobia-problem |journal=The American Prospect |access-date=27 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101233619/http://prospect.org/article/45-years-after-stonewall-lgbt-movement-has-transphobia-problem |archive-date=1 January 2015 |date=25 June 2014 }}</ref><ref name="TheFrisky">{{cite web|last1=Brink|first1=Rebecca Vipond|title=The Soapbox: On The Stonewall Rebellion's Trans History|url=http://www.thefrisky.com/2014-06-06/the-soapbox-on-the-stonewall-rebellions-trans-history/|work=[[The Frisky (website)|The Frisky]] |publisher=Spin Entertainment|access-date=27 December 2014|date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="AutoStraddle">{{cite web|author=Cara|title=Yet Another News Outlet Fails Queer History 101 by Erasing Trans* People from Stonewall|url=http://www.autostraddle.com/yet-another-news-outlet-fails-queer-history-101-by-erasing-trans-people-from-stonewall-154998/|website=autostraddle.com|access-date=27 December 2014|date=30 January 2013}}</ref>

Authors and observers, such as transgender author Jillian Todd Weiss, have written that "there are social and political forces that have created a split between gay/lesbian communities and bisexual/transgender communities, and these forces have consequences for civil rights and community inclusion. 'Biphobia' and 'transphobia' are a result of these social and political forces, not psychological forces causing irrational fears in aberrant individuals."<ref name="weiss2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Weiss | first1 = JT | year = 2004 | title = GL vs BT The archaeology of biphobia and transphobia within U.S. gay and lesbian community | journal = [[Journal of Bisexuality]] | volume = 3 | issue = 3–4| pages = 25–55 | doi=10.1300/j159v03n03_02| s2cid = 144642959 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Overcoming Heterosexism and Homophobia: Strategies that Work |year=1997 |first1=James T. |last1=Sears |first2=Walter L. |last2=Williams |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-10422-7 |location=New York |oclc=36024057}}</ref><ref name=":fone">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKnAwAEACAAJ |title=The Columbia anthology of gay literature: readings from Western antiquity to the present day |date=1998 |editor=Byrne Fone |isbn=9780231096706 |location=New York |oclc=37545605}}</ref>

===Gay and lesbian communities===
[[File:Ticked Off Trannies protesters Shankbone 2010.jpg|thumb|Protesters outside the 2010 premiere of ''[[Ticked-Off Trannies with Knives]]'', written and directed by gay filmmaker [[Israel Luna (filmmaker)|Israel Luna]], objecting to what they considered to be transphobic portrayals in the film and its trailer, which referred to several notable real-life murders of transgender people before being taken down<ref name="Tribeca">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/fanfare/2010/04/25/ticked-off-trannies-and-detractors-take-on-tribeca/ |title=Ticked-Off Trannies," and detractors, take on Tribeca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701101412/http://blogs.reuters.com/fanfare/2010/04/25/ticked-off-trannies-and-detractors-take-on-tribeca/ |archive-date=1 July 2010 |first1=Edith |last1=Honan|date=25 April 2010}}.</ref>]]

Historian [[Joanne Meyerowitz]] documented transphobia within the [[gay rights movement]] in the mid 20th century in response to publicity surrounding the transition of [[Christine Jorgensen]]. Jorgensen, who made frequent [[Homophobia|homophobic]] remarks and insisted she was not connected to or identified with gay men, was a polarizing figure among activists:

{{blockquote|In 1953, for example, ''ONE'' magazine published a debate among its readers as to whether gay men should denounce Jorgensen. In the opening salvo, the author Jeff Winters accused Jorgensen of a "sweeping disservice" to gay men. "As far as the public knows," Winters wrote, "you were merely another unhappy homosexual who decided to get drastic about it." For Winters, Jorgensen's story simply confirmed the false belief that all men attracted to other men must be basically feminine," which, he said, "they are not." Jorgensen's precedent, he thought, encouraged the "reasoning" that led "to legal limitations upon the homosexual, mandatory injections, psychiatric treatment – and worse." In the not-so-distant past, scientists had experimented with castrating gay men.|author=[[Joanne Meyerowitz]]<ref name="meyerowitz2002">{{Cite book |last=Meyerowitz |first=Joanne J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFP2PmYPBBAC |title=How sex changed: a history of transsexuality in the United States |date=2002 |isbn=9780674009257 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |oclc=654274727}}</ref>}}

Several prominent figures in [[second wave feminism]] have also been accused of transphobic attitudes, culminating in 1979 with the publication of ''[[The Transsexual Empire]]'' by [[Radical feminism|radical lesbian feminist]] [[Janice Raymond]], who popularized the term ''[[shemale]]'' as derogatory slur referring to [[trans women]] in 1994,<ref name="Raymond 1994"/> and her statements on transsexuality and transsexual people have been criticized by many in the [[LGBT]] and [[feminism|feminist]] communities as extremely [[transphobic]] and as constituting [[hate speech]].<ref name="rose2004">Rose, Katrina C. (2004) "." ''Transgender Tapestry'' 104, Winter 2004</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Katrina C Rose |url=https://archive.org/details/TransgenderTapestryIssue104Winter2004/page/n59/mode/2up |title=The Man Who Would be Janice Raymond |type=Review |page=56 |magazine=Transgender Tapestry |date=Winter 2004 |issue=104}}</ref><ref name="serano2007">[[Julia Serano]] (2007) ''Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity'', pp. 233–234</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author-link=Julia Serano |last=Serano |first=Julia |url=https://archive.org/details/whippinggirltran0000sera/page/n233/mode/2up |title=Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity |date=2007 |location=Berkeley, California |oclc=81252738 |publisher=[[Seal Press]]; [[Internet Archive]] |isbn=9781580051545}}</ref><ref name="namaste2000">Namaste, Viviane K. (2000) ''Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People'', pp. 33–34.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Namaste |first=Viviane K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5jwRVbvY8C |title=Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People |date=2000 |isbn=9780226568102 |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=33–34 |oclc=43526777}}</ref><ref name="hayes2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Hayes | first1 = Cressida J | year = 2003 | title = Feminist Solidarity after Queer Theory: The Case of Transgender | journal = Signs | volume = 28 | issue = 4| pages = 1093–1120 | doi=10.1086/343132| s2cid = 144107471 }}</ref>

In 1950s America, there was a debate among gay men and women about those who felt they were of the opposite sex. Gay men and women who were trying to melt quietly into the majority society criticized them as "freaks" who brought unwanted disreputable attention upon them. Such attitudes were widespread at the time.<ref name="GLBTphobia">{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm |access-date=7 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329150447/http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm |archive-date=29 March 2016 }}{{better source needed|date=April 2016|reason=professor cut/paste of a published journal paper is not the best source and may be copyvio }} quoting Kay Brown of Transhistory.net [defunct since 2009]</ref>

Some [[trans men]] face rejection from lesbian communities they had been part of prior to transition. Journalist Louise Rafkin writes, "there are those who are feeling curiously uncomfortable standing by as friends morph into men. Sometimes there is a generational flavor to this discomfort; many in the over-40 crowd feel particular unease", stating that this was "shaking the foundation of the lesbian-feminist world".<ref name="rafkin">Rafkin, Louise (22 June 2003) [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/06/22/CM254728.DTL Straddling Sexes: Young lesbians transitioning into men are shaking the foundation of the lesbian-feminist world.] ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''.</ref> Trans men were part of the protest at the 2000 [[Michigan Womyn's Music Festival]], the first time the '[[womyn-born womyn]] only' policy has been used against trans males, women supporting the transgender community and young gender-variant women.<ref name="mantilla2000">Mantilla, Karla (1 October 2000). Michigan: transgender controversy. ''[[Off Our Backs]]''.</ref>

In the early 1970s, conflicts began to emerge due to different syntheses of lesbian, [[feminist]] and transgender political movements, particularly in the United States. San Francisco trans activist and entertainer [[Beth Elliott]] became the focus of debate over whether to include transgender lesbians in the movement, and she was eventually blacklisted by her own movement.<ref name="rubin2003">Henry Rubin (2003). ''Self-made Men: Identity and Embodiment Among Transsexual Men.'' Vanderbilt University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8265-1435-6}}.</ref><ref name="nettick">Geri Nettick, Beth Elliot (1996). "Mirrors: Portrait of a Lesbian Transsexual." Badboy Books {{ISBN|978-1-56333-435-1}}.</ref>

===Bisexual communities and binarism===
One view is that the word ''bisexual'' is transphobic, as "bi" means "two" (thus implying a belief in the [[gender binary|binary view of gender]]). Some people, such as scholar [[Shiri Eisner]], say that some make the claim that the term "erases nonbinary genders and sexes out of existence",<ref name="Eisner1">{{cite book|last1=Eisner|first1=Shiri|title=Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbJaZIosLwQC&pg=PT27|date=2 July 2013|publisher=Seal Press|isbn=978-1580054751|access-date=28 December 2014|quote=Yet another way in which bisexuality has been recently imagined is as inherently binary, and therefore intrinsically transphobic. [...] As the argument classically goes, since the word bisexuality has bi (literally: two) in it, it inherently refers to a two-gender structure. This means it erases nonbinary genders and sexes out of existence.|pages=27}}</ref> as many dictionaries define bisexuality as "of, relating to, or having a sexual orientation to persons of either sex",<ref name="Freedict1">{{cite web|title=Bisexual – definition of bisexual by The Free Dictionary |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bisexual|website=thefreedictionary.com |publisher=The Free Dictionary|access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> "sexually attracted to both men and women"<ref name="OxfordDicts">{{cite web|title=bisexual: definition of bisexual in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/bisexual|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721021127/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/bisexual|archive-date=21 July 2012|website=oxforddictionaries.com|publisher=Oxford Dictionaies|access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> and other similar definitions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Bisexual by Merriam-Webster |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bisexual|website=merriam-webster.com|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online|access-date=28 December 2014|quote=sexually attracted to both men and women}}</ref><ref name="Google">{{cite web|title=Google Search: Bisexual definition|url=https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?complete=0&gws_rd=cr&ei=EUGgVLC5G4nsUvyfgKAL#complete=0&q=bisexual+define|website=google.co.uk|quote=sexually attracted to both men and women.}}</ref>

However, some bisexual individuals and scholars object to the notion that bisexuality means sexual attraction to only two genders, arguing that since ''bisexual'' is not simply about attraction to two sexes and encompasses gender as well, it can include attraction to more than one<ref name="biresource.net">{{cite web|title=BRC Brochure 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=Bisexual Resource Council/[[Bisexual Resource Center]] |work=biresource.net |access-date=8 July 2013 |url=http://www.biresource.net/BRC_Brochure_2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731101822/http://www.biresource.net/BRC_Brochure_2010.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2013 }}</ref> or more than two genders<ref name="bisexual.org">{{cite web|title=Doesn't identifying as bisexual reinforce a false gender binary?|publisher=[[American Institute of Bisexuality]]|date=2014|access-date=27 May 2014|url=http://bisexual.org/qna/doesnt-identifying-as-bisexual-reinforce-a-false-gender-binary/}}</ref> and is occasionally defined as such.<ref name="Eisner1"/> Others, such as the [[American Institute of Bisexuality]], say that the term "is an open and inclusive term for many kinds of people with same-sex and different-sex attractions"<ref name="bisexual.org2">{{cite web|title=What is the difference between bisexual and terms like pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, ambisexual, and fluid?|publisher=[[American Institute of Bisexuality]]|date=2014|access-date=27 May 2014|url=http://bisexual.org/qna/what-is-the-difference-between-bisexual-and-terms-like-pansexual-polysexual-omnisexual-ambisexual-and-fluid/}}</ref> and that "the scientific classification ''bisexual'' only addresses the physical, biological sex of the people involved, not the gender-presentation."<ref name="bisexual.org"/>

To deal with issues related to transphobia and the gender binary, some individuals have taken on terms such as ''[[pansexual]]'', ''omnisexual'', or ''[[polysexual]]'' in place of the term ''bisexual''. The American Institute of Bisexuality argues that these terms "describe a person with homosexual and heterosexual attractions, and therefore people with these labels are also bisexual"<ref name="bisexual.org2"/> and that the notion that bisexuality is a reinforcement of a gender binary is a concept that is founded upon "anti-science, anti-Enlightenment philosophy that has ironically found a home within many Queer Studies departments at universities across the Anglophone world".<ref name="bisexual.org"/> Eisner agrees with this view, stating that "allegations of binarism have little to do with bisexuality's actual attributes or bisexual people's behavior in real life" and that the allegations are an attempt to separate the bisexual and transgender communities politically.<ref name="Eisner1"/>