Editing Torah (section)

==Torah translations==
[[File:Mikraot Gedolot Jiddisch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A page from a ''[[Mikraot Gedolot]]'' including text in [[Yiddish]].]]

===Aramaic===
{{Main|Targum}}

The [[Book of Ezra]] refers to translations and commentaries of the Hebrew text into [[Aramaic]], the more commonly understood language of the time. These translations would seem to date to the 6th century BCE. The Aramaic term for ''translation'' is ''Targum''.{{sfn|Chilton|1987|p=xiii}} The ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' has: {{blockquote|At an early period, it was customary to translate the Hebrew text into the vernacular at the time of the reading (e.g., in Palestine and Babylon the translation was into Aramaic). The targum ("translation") was done by a special synagogue official, called the meturgeman {{omission}} Eventually, the practice of translating into the vernacular was discontinued.<ref>{{Cite EJ |title=Torah, Reading of}}</ref>
}}

However, there is no suggestion that these translations had been written down as early as this. There are suggestions that the Targum was written down at an early date, although for private use only. {{blockquote|The official recognition of a written Targum and the final redaction of its text, however, belong to the post-Talmudic period, thus not earlier than the fifth century C.E.<ref>{{Cite EJ |title=Bible: Translations}}</ref>}}

===Greek===
{{Main|Septuagint}}

One of the earliest known translations of the first five books of Moses from the Hebrew into Greek was the Septuagint. This is a [[Koine Greek]] version of the Hebrew Bible that was used by Greek speakers. This Greek version of the Hebrew Scriptures dates from the 3rd century BCE, originally associated with [[Hellenistic Judaism]]. It contains both a translation of the Hebrew and additional and variant material.{{sfn|Greifenhagen|2003|p=218}}

Later translations into Greek include seven or more other versions. These do not survive, except as fragments, and include those by [[Aquila of Sinope|Aquila]], [[Symmachus the Ebionite|Symmachus]], and [[Theodotion]].<ref>{{Cite EJ |last=Greenspoon |first=Leonard J. |title=Greek: The Septuagint |volume=3 |page=597}}</ref>

===Latin===
Early translations into Latin—the [[Vetus Latina]]—were ad hoc conversions of parts of the Septuagint. With Saint [[Jerome]] in the 4th century CE came the [[Vulgate]] Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible.<ref>{{Cite EJ |last1=Harkins |first1=Franklin T. |last2=Harkins |first2=Angela Kim |title=Old Latin/Vulgate |volume=3 |page=598}}</ref>

===Arabic===
From the eighth century CE, the cultural language of Jews living under Islamic rule became [[Arabic]] rather than Aramaic. "Around that time, both scholars and lay people started producing translations of the Bible into [[Judeo-Arabic]] using the Hebrew alphabet." Later, by the 10th century, it became essential for a standard version of the Bible in Judeo-Arabic. The best known was produced by [[Saadiah]] (the Saadia Gaon, aka the Rasag), and continues to be in use today, "in particular among Yemenite Jewry".<ref>{{Cite EJ |last=Sasson |first=Ilana |title=Arabic |volume=3 |page=603}}</ref>

Rav Sa'adia produced an Arabic translation of the Torah known as ''Targum Tafsir'' and offered comments on Rasag's work.{{sfn|Robinson|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X54NS-Lc-OcC&pg=PA167 167]–|ps=: "Sa'adia's own major contribution to the Torah is his Arabic translation, ''Targum Tafsir''."}} There is a debate in scholarship whether Rasag wrote the first Arabic translation of the Torah.{{sfn|Zohar|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4vg0RdqjNV0C&pg=PA106 106]–|ps=: "Controversy exists among scholars as to whether Rasag was the first to translate the Hebrew Bible into Arabic."}}

===Modern languages===

====Jewish translations====
The Torah has been translated by Jewish scholars into most of the major European languages, including English, German, Russian, French, Spanish and others. The most well-known German-language translation was produced by [[Samson Raphael Hirsch]]. A number of [[Jewish English Bible translations]] have been published, for example by Artscroll publications.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://jps.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/study_guide-1.docx | title=Jewish Bible Translations: Personalities, Passions, Politics,Progress | first=Leonard J. | last=Greenspoon | publisher=Jewish Publication Society | year=2020 | format=DOCX}}</ref>

====Christian translations====
As a part of the [[Christian biblical canons]], the Torah has been translated into [[List of Bible translations by language|hundreds of languages]].