Editing Tocopherol (section)

=== Alzheimer's disease ===
[[Alzheimer's disease]] (AD) and [[vascular dementia]] are common causes of decline of brain functions that occur with age. AD is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that worsens over time.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burns A, Iliffe S | title = Alzheimer's disease | journal = BMJ | volume = 338 | pages = b158 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19196745 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.b158 | s2cid = 8570146 }}</ref> The disease process is associated with [[Senile plaques|plaques]] and [[Neurofibrillary tangle|tangles]] in the brain.<ref name=Lancet2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E | title = Alzheimer's disease | journal = Lancet | volume = 377 | issue = 9770 | pages = 1019–31 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21371747 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9 | s2cid = 20893019 }}</ref> Vascular dementia may be caused by ischemic or hemorrhagic [[infarct]]s affecting multiple brain areas, including the [[anterior cerebral artery]] territory, the [[parietal lobe]]s, or the [[cingulate gyrus]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Love S | title = Neuropathological investigation of dementia: a guide for neurologists | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 76 Suppl 5 | issue = supplement 5 | pages = v8-14 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16291923 | pmc = 1765714 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2005.080754 }}</ref> Both types of dementia may be present. Vitamin E status (and that of other antioxidant nutrients) is conjectured as having a possible impact on risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. A review of dietary intake studies reported that higher consumption of vitamin E from foods lowered the risk of developing AD by 24%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li FJ, Shen L, Ji HF | title = Dietary intakes of vitamin E, vitamin C, and β-carotene and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Alzheimer's Disease | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 253–8 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22543848 | doi = 10.3233/JAD-2012-120349 }}</ref> A second review examined serum vitamin E levels and reported lower serum vitamin E in AD patients compared to healthy, age-matched people.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dong Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Shu Y, Chen T, Xu L, Li M, Guan X | title = Do low-serum vitamin E levels increase the risk of Alzheimer disease in older people? Evidence from a meta-analysis of case-control studies | journal = International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = e257–e263 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 28833475 | doi = 10.1002/gps.4780 | s2cid = 44859128 }}</ref> In 2017 a consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology included that until further information is available, vitamin E cannot be recommended for treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Brien JT, Holmes C, Jones M, Jones R, Livingston G, McKeith I, Mittler P, Passmore P, Ritchie C, Robinson L, Sampson EL, Taylor JP, Thomas A, Burns A | title = Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: A revised (third) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–168 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28103749 | doi = 10.1177/0269881116680924 | s2cid = 52848530 | url = https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/408021/1/BAP_Guidelines_AntiDementia.pdf }}</ref>