Editing Tiger (section)

== Conservation ==
{{Main|Tiger conservation}}
{{further information|21st Century Tiger}}
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright"
|+ Global wild tiger population
!Country
!Year
!Estimate
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} India || 2022 || align="right" |3,167–3,682<ref name=Qureshi2023/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Russia}} Russia || 2022 || align="right" |573–600<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} Indonesia || 2022 || align="right" |393<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal || 2022 || align="right" |316–355<ref>{{cite book |author1=DNPWC |author2=DFSC |name-list-style=amp |year=2022 |title=Status of Tigers and Prey in Nepal 2022 |location=Kathmandu, Nepal |publisher=Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Department of Forests and Soil Conservation. Ministry of Forests and Environment |url=https://dnpwc.gov.np/media/files/Status_of_Tigers_Ic2ylSC.pdf |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408104009/https://dnpwc.gov.np/media/files/Status_of_Tigers_Ic2ylSC.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} Thailand || 2022 || align="right" |148–189<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Malaysia}} Malaysia || 2022 || align="right" |<150<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} Bhutan || 2022 || align="right" |131<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023 |title=National Tiger Survey 2021–22 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |author=Department of Forests and Park Services |place=Thimphu}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} Bangladesh || 2022|| align="right" |118–122<ref>{{cite web |author=Begum, S. |date=30 July 2024 |title=Tiger population in Sundarban rises by 8-10pc in 2024 |work=Daily Observer |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=482816|accessdate=6 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|China}} China || 2022 || align="right"|>60<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Myanmar}} Myanmar || 2022 || align="right" |28<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| '''Total'''|| || align="right" |'''5,638–5,899'''
|}
Internationally, the tiger is protected under [[CITES#Appendix I|CITES Appendix I]], banning trade of live tigers and their body parts.<ref name=iucn/>
In Russia, hunting the tiger has been banned since 1952.{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|p=202}}
In Bhutan, it has been protected since 1969 and enlisted as totally protected since 1995.<ref name=Tandin_al2018>{{cite report |author1=Tandin, T. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Penjor, U. |author3=Tempa, T. |author4=Dhendup, P. |author5=Dorji, S.|author6=Wangdi, S. |author7=Moktan, V.|year=2018 |title=Tiger Action Plan for Bhutan (2018-2023): A landscape approach to tiger conservation |location=Thimphu, Bhutan |publisher=Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.14890.70089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Since 1972, it has been afforded the highest protection level under India's [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]].<ref name=Aryal>{{cite book |last1=Aryal |first1=R. S. |year=2004 |title=CITES Implementation in Nepal and India. Law, Policy and Practice |location=Kathmandu |publisher=Bhrikuti Aademic Publications |isbn=99933-673-4-6}}</ref>
In Nepal and Bangladesh, it has been protected since 1973.<ref name=Aryal/><ref name=Uddin2023>{{cite journal |author1=Uddin, N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Enoch, S. |author3=Harihar, A. |author4=Pickles, R. S. |author5=Hughes, A. C. |year=2023 |title=Tigers at a crossroads: Shedding light on the role of Bangladesh in the illegal trade of this iconic big cat |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |volume=5 |issue=7 |page=e12952 |doi=10.1111/csp2.12952 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ConSP...5E2952U}}</ref>
Since 1976, it has been totally protected under Malaysia's Protection of Wild Life Act,<ref>{{cite report |author=Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers |title=The Malayan Tiger Conservation Programme |year=2006 |publisher=Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia |place=Kuala Lumpur |url=https://conservewildcats.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/WildCats/ProjectReports/Malaysia/MYCATFinalreport2006-07.pdf |access-date=9 April 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409203438/https://conservewildcats.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/WildCats/ProjectReports/Malaysia/MYCATFinalreport2006-07.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> and the country's Wildlife Conservation Act enacted in 2010 increased punishments for wildlife-related crimes.<ref name=globaltiger>{{cite report |title=Global Tiger Recovery Program (2023–34) |publisher=Global Tiger Forum and the Global Tiger Initiative Council |url=https://globaltigerforum.org/global-tiger-recovery-program-2-0-2023-34/ |date=2023 |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408150606/https://globaltigerforum.org/global-tiger-recovery-program-2-0-2023-34/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
In Indonesia, it has been protected since 1990.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ministry of Forestry |title=Conservation Strategy and Action Plan for the Sumatran Tiger (''Panthera tigris sumatrae'') Indonesia 2007-2017 |publisher=Government of Indonesia |place=Jakarta |date=2007 |url=https://globaltigerforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/indonesia.pdf |access-date=12 April 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144656/https://globaltigerforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/indonesia.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
In China, the trade in tiger body parts was banned in 1993.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Transnational environmentalism and entanglements of sovereignty: The Tiger Campaign across the Himalayas |first=E. T. |last=Yeh |journal=Political Geography |volume=31 |issue=7 |year=2012 |pages=408–418 | doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.06.003}}</ref>
The Thai Wildlife Preservation and Protection Act was enacted in 2019 to combat poaching and trading of body parts.<ref name=future>{{cite web |author=Kampongsun, S. |title=The future of ''Panthera tigris'' in Thailand and globally |date=2022 |publisher=IUCN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111015312/https://www.iucn.org/story/202208/future-panthera-tigris-thailand-and-globally|archive-date=11 November 2023|url=https://www.iucn.org/story/202208/future-panthera-tigris-thailand-and-globally |accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref>

In 1973, the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] and [[Project Tiger]] were founded in India to gain public support for tiger conservation.<ref name=Jhala_al2021/> Since then, 53 [[Tiger reserves of India|tiger reserves]] covering an area of {{cvt|75796|km2}} have been established in the country up to 2022.<ref name=Qureshi2023>{{cite book |author1=Qureshi, Q. |author2=Jhala, Y. V. |author3=Yadav, S. P. |author4=Mallick, A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2023 |title=Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2022 |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India |location=New Delhi, Dehradun |url=https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/statu_tiger_copredators-2022.pdf |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145403/https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/statu_tiger_copredators-2022.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> These efforts contributed to the recovery of India's tiger population between 2006 and 2018 so that it occurs in an area of about {{cvt|138200|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jhala |first1=Y. V. |last2=Mungi |first2=N. A. |last3=Gopal |first3=R. |last4=Qureshi |first4=Q. |date=2025 |title=Tiger recovery amid people and poverty |journal=Science |volume=387 |issue=6733 |pages=505–510 |doi=10.1126/science.adk4827 |doi-access=free|pmid=39883754 |bibcode=2025Sci...387..505J }}</ref>

Myanmar's national tiger conservation strategy developed in 2003 comprises management tasks such as restoration of degraded habitats, increasing the extent of protected areas and wildlife corridors, protecting tiger prey species, thwarting tiger killing and illegal trade of its body parts and promoting public awareness through wildlife education programmes.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lynam, A. J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Khaing, S. T. |author3=Zaw, K. M. |year=2006 |title=Developing a national tiger action plan for the Union of Myanmar |journal=Environmental Management |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1007/s00267-004-0273-9 |pmid=16362487 |bibcode=2006EnMan..37...30L}}</ref>
Bhutan's first Tiger Action Plan implemented during 2006–2015 revolved around habitat conservation, human–wildlife conflict management, education and awareness; the second Action Plan aimed at increasing the country's tiger population by 20% until 2023 compared to 2015.<ref name=Tandin_al2018/>
In 2009, the Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan was initiated to stabilise the country's tiger population, maintain habitat and a sufficient prey base, improve law enforcement and foster cooperation between governmental agencies responsible for tiger conservation.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hossain, A. N. M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lynam, A. J. |author3=Ngoprasert, D. |author4=Barlow, A. |author5=Barlow, C. G. |author6=Savini, T. |year=2018 |title=Identifying landscape factors affecting tiger decline in the Bangladesh Sundarbans |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=13 |page=e00382 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00382 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018GEcoC..1300382H}}</ref>
The Thailand Tiger Action Plan [[ratified]] in 2010 envisioned increasing the country's tiger populations by 50% in the [[Western Forest Complex]] and [[Dong Phayayen–Khao Yai Forest Complex]] and reestablish populations in three potential landscapes until 2022.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pisdamkham, C. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Prayurasiddhi, T. |author3=Kanchanasaka, B. |author4=Maneesai, R. |author5=Simcharoen, S. |author6=Pattanavibool, A. |author7=Duangchantrasiri, S. |author8=Simcharoen, A. |author9=Pattanavibool, R. |author10=Maneerat, S. |author11=Prayoon, U. |author12=Cutter, P. G. |author13=Smith, J. L. D. |year=2010 |title=Thailand Tiger Action Plan 2010–2022 |location=Bangkok |publisher=Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303881962 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145525/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303881962_Thailand_Tiger_Action_Plan_2010-2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Indonesian National Tiger Recovery Program ratified in 2010 aimed at increasing the Sumatran tiger population by 2022.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chandradewi, D. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Semiadi, G. |author3=Pinondang, I. |author4=Kheng, V. |author5=Bahaduri, L. D. |year=2019 |title=A decade on: The second collaborative Sumatra-wide Tiger survey |journal=Cat News |volume=69 |pages=41–42}}</ref> The third strategic and action plan for the conservation of the Sumatran tiger for the years 2020–2030 revolves around strengthening management of small tiger population units of less than 20 mature individuals and connectivity between 13 forest patches in [[North Sumatra]] and [[West Sumatra]] provinces.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Wibisono, H. T. |year=2021 |title=An Island-wide Status of Sumatran Tiger (''Panthera tigris sumatrae'') and Principal Prey in Sumatra, Indonesia |type=Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology and Wildlife Ecology |publisher=University of Delaware |place=Delaware |url=https://udspace.udel.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/db24ae3d-1681-4d30-9773-4abb62cd861d/content}}</ref>

[[File:Wild Sumatran tiger.jpg|thumb|Wild Sumatran tiger caught by camera trap|alt=Night shot of a tiger face close to the camera]]
Increases in anti-poaching patrol efforts in four Russian protected areas during 2011–2014 contributed to reducing poaching, stabilising the tiger population and improving protection of ungulate populations.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hötte, M. H. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Kolodin, I. A. |author3=Bereznuk, S. L. |author4=Slaght, J. C. |author5=Kerley, L. L. |author6=Soutyrina, S. V. |author7=Salkina, G. P. |author8=Zaumyslova, O. Y. |author9=Stokes, E. J. |author10=Miquelle, D. G. |year=2016 |title=Indicators of success for smart law enforcement in protected areas: A case study for Russian Amur tiger (''Panthera tigris altaica'') reserves |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=2–15 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12168|pmid=26458501}}</ref> Poaching and trafficking were declared to be moderate and serious crimes in 2019.<ref name=globaltiger/>
Anti-poaching operations were also established in Nepal in 2010, with increased cooperation and intelligence sharing between agencies. These policies have led to many years of "zero poaching" and the country's tiger population has doubled in a decade.<ref name=globaltiger/>
Anti-poaching patrols in the {{cvt|1200|km2}} large core area of [[Taman Negara]] lead to a decrease of poaching frequency from 34 detected incidents in 2015–2016 to 20 incidents during 2018–2019; the arrest of seven poaching teams and removal of snares facilitated the survival of three resident female tigers and at least 11 cubs.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lam, W. Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Phung, C. C. |author3=Mat, Z. A. |author4=Jamaluddin, H. |author5=Sivayogam, C. P. |author6=Zainal Abidin, F. A. |author7=Sulaiman, A. |author8=Cheok, M. K. Y. |author9=Osama, N. A. W. |author10=Sabaan, S. |author11=Abu Hashim, A. K. |author12=Booton, M. D. |author13=Harihar, A. |author14=Clements, G. R. |author15=Pickles, R. S. A. |year=2023 |title=Using a crime prevention framework to evaluate tiger counter-poaching in a Southeast Asian rainforest |journal=Frontiers in Conservation Science |volume=4 |page=1213552 |doi=10.3389/fcosc.2023.1213552 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2023FrCS....413552L }}</ref>
Army and police officers are deployed for patrolling together with staff of protected areas in Malaysia.<ref name=globaltiger/>

[[Wildlife corridor]]s are important conservation measures as they facilitate tiger populations to connect between protected areas; tigers use at least nine corridors that were established in the [[Terai Arc Landscape]] and [[Sivalik Hills]] in both Nepal and India.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bhatt, T. R. |author2=Castley, J. G. |author3=Sims-Castley, R. |author4=Bara, H. S. |author5=Chauvenet, A. L. M.|year=2023 |title=Connecting tiger (''Panthera tigris'') populations in Nepal: Identification of corridors among tiger-bearing protected areas |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=5 |page=e10140 |doi=10.1002/ece3.10140 |doi-access=free |pmid=37261321 |pmc=10227491 |bibcode=2023EcoEv..1310140B |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
Corridors in forested areas with low human encroachment are highly suitable.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Harihar, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Pandav, B. |author3=Ghosh-Harihar, M. |author4=Goodrich, J. |year=2020 |title=Demographic and ecological correlates of a recovering tiger (''Panthera tigris'') population: Lessons learnt from 13-years of monitoring |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=252 |page=108848 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108848|bibcode=2020BCons.25208848H}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rahaman, M. H. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Masroor, M. |author3=Sajjad, H. |author4=Saha, T. K. |year=2024 |title=Assessment of habitat suitability and potential corridors for Bengal Tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') in Valmiki Tiger Reserve, India, using MaxEnt model and Least-Cost modeling approach |journal=Environmental Modeling & Assessment |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=405–422 |doi=10.1007/s10666-024-09966-w |bibcode=2024EMdAs..29..405R}}</ref>
In West Sumatra, 12 wildlife corridors were identified as high priority for mitigating human–wildlife conflicts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=H. |last2=Hidayat |first2=R. H. |last3=Nofrizal|first3=A. Y. |last4=Wilastra |first4=I. |last5=Nasution |first5=A. F. R. |year=2023 |title=Priority corridor zone for human-tiger conflict mitigation: A landscape connectivity approach in West Sumatra region, Indonesia |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |volume=76 |page=126501 |doi=10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126501 |bibcode=2023JNatC..7626501R |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
In 2019, China and Russia signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] for transboundary cooperation between two protected areas, [[Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park]] and [[Land of the Leopard National Park]], that includes the creation of wildlife corridors and bilateral monitoring and patrolling along the Sino-Russian border.<ref>{{cite report |author=Paudyal, B. N. |year=2023 |title=Evaluation of the project on transboundary cooperation on the conservation of Amur tigers, Amur leopards and Snow leopards in North-East Asia |publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |place=Bangkok, Thailand |url=https://repository.unescap.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12870/6674/ESCAP-2023-RP-Transboundary-cooperation-conservation-Amur-tigers-Amur-leopards-Snow-leopards-ENEA.pdf |access-date=7 April 2024 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407175636/https://repository.unescap.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12870/6674/ESCAP-2023-RP-Transboundary-cooperation-conservation-Amur-tigers-Amur-leopards-Snow-leopards-ENEA.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rescued and [[Wildlife rehabilitation|rehabilitated]] problem tigers and [[orphan]]ed tiger cubs have been released into the wild and monitored in India, Sumatra and Russia.<ref name=Sarkar2016/><ref name=Priatna2012>{{cite journal |author1=Priatna, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Santosa, Y. |author3=Prasetyo, L. B. |author4=Kartono, A. P. |title=Home range and movements of male translocated problem tigers in Sumatra |year=2012 |journal=Asian Journal of Conservation Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=20–30 |url=http://ajcb.in/journals/full_papers/4_AJCB-VOL1-ISSUE1-Priatna%20et%20al.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rozhnov, V. V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Naidenko, S. V. |author3=Hernandez–Blanco, J. A. |author4=Chistopolova, M. D. |author5=Sorokin, P. A. |author6=Yachmennikova, A. A. |author7=Blidchenko, E. Yu. |author8=Kalinin, A. Yu. |author9=Kastrikin, V. A. |year=2021 |title=Restoration of the Amur Tiger (''Panthera tigris altaica'') population in the Northwest of its distribution area |journal=Biological Bulletin |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=1401–1423 |doi=10.1134/S1062359021080239|bibcode=2021BioBu..48.1401R}}</ref>
In Kazakhstan, [[ecological restoration|habitat restoration]] and [[Species reintroduction|reintroduction]] of prey species in [[:kk:Іле-Балқаш (резерват)|Ile-Balkash Nature Reserve]] have progressed and tiger reintroduction is planned for 2025.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gray, T. N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rosenbaum, R. |author3=Jiang, G. |author4=Izquierdo, P. |author5=Yongchao, J .I. N. |author6=Kesaro, L. |author7=Lyet, A. |author8=Pasha, M. K. S. |author9=Patterson, D. J. |author10=Channa, P. |author11=Jinzhe, Q. I. |author12=Ripple, W. J. |author13=Roberts, J. L. |author14=Roy, S. |author15=Shwe, N. M. |author16=Wolf, C. |author17=Chapman, S. |year=2023 |title=Restoring Asia's roar: Opportunities for tiger recovery across the historic range |journal=Frontiers in Conservation Science |volume=4 |page=1124340 |doi=10.3389/fcosc.2023.1124340 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2023FrCS....424340G }}</ref>
Reintroduction of tigers is considered possible in eastern Cambodia, once management of protected areas is improved and forest loss stabilized.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gray, T. N. E. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Crouthers, R. |author3=Ramesh, K. |author4=Vattakaven, J. |author5=Borah, J. |author6=Pasha, M. K. S. |author7=Lim, T. |author8=Phan, C. |author9=Singh, R. |author10=Long, B. |author11=Chapman, S. |year=2017 |title=A framework for assessing readiness for Tiger ''Panthera tigris'' reintroduction: a case study from eastern Cambodia |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=2383–2399 |doi=10.1007/s10531-017-1365-1|bibcode=2017BiCon..26.2383G}}</ref> South China tigers are kept and bred in Chinese zoos, with plans to reintroduce their offspring into remote protected areas.<ref name=Wang2023/><ref name=Fàbregas/> Coordinated [[breeding program]]s among [[zoo]]s have led to enough genetic diversity in tigers to act as "insurance against extinction in the wild".<ref name=Lou2008>{{cite journal|last1=Luo|first1=S.-J.|last2=Johnson|first2=W. E. |last3=Martenson |first3=J. |last4=Antunes |first4=A. |last5=Martelli |first5=P. |last6=Uphyrkina, O. |last7=Traylor-Holzer |first7=K. |last8=Smith|first8=J. L. D. |last9=O'Brien|first9=S. J. |year=2008 |title=Subspecies genetic assignments of worldwide captive tigers increase conservation value of captive populations |journal=Current Biology |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=592–596 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.053 |pmid=18424146 |name-list-style=amp |bibcode=2008CBio...18..592L}}</ref>