Editing The Salvation Army (section)

==History==
{{see also|List of Salvation Army corps in the United Kingdom in 1900}}
[[File:William and Catherine Booth, 1862.jpg|thumb|left|334x334px|The Salvation Army founders, [[Catherine Booth]] and [[William Booth]]]]
The Salvation Army was founded in London's [[East End of London|East End]] in 1865 by one-time [[Methodist Reform Church]] minister [[William Booth]] and his wife [[Catherine Booth]] as the East London Christian Mission,{{r|Salvationists|p=21}} and this name was used until 1878.{{r|Salvationists|p=5}} The name "The Salvation Army" developed from an incident on 19 and 20 May 1878. William Booth was dictating a letter to his secretary [[George Scott Railton]] and said, "We are a volunteer army." [[Bramwell Booth]] heard his father and said, "Volunteer! I'm no volunteer, I'm a regular!" Railton was instructed to cross out the word "volunteer" and substitute the word "salvation".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gospeltruth.net/booth/boothbioshort.htm |title=William Bramwell Booth 1829–1912 His Life and Ministry – A Very Short Biography |publisher=Gospeltruth.net |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307190447/http://www.gospeltruth.net/booth/boothbioshort.htm |archive-date=7 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Salvation Army was modelled after the military, with its own flag (or colours) and its own hymns, often with words set to popular and folkloric tunes sung in the pubs. Booth and the other soldiers in "God's Army" would wear the Army's own [[Uniform of The Salvation Army#Uniform|uniform]] for meetings and ministry work. He became the "[[Generals of The Salvation Army|General]]" and his other ministers were given appropriate ranks as "[[Officer in The Salvation Army|officers]]". Other members became "[[Soldier in The Salvation Army|soldiers]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REsalvation.htm |title=Salvation Army |publisher=Spartacus Educational |access-date=11 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610083229/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REsalvation.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008  }}</ref>

[[File:gsrailton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[George Scott Railton]] – first [[Commissioner (The Salvation Army)|Commissioner]] of the Salvation Army]]
When William Booth became known as the General, Catherine was known as the "Mother of The Salvation Army". William was motivated to convert poor Londoners such as prostitutes, gamblers, and alcoholics to [[Christianity]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1863162,00.html|title=The Salvation Army|last=Pickert|first=Kate|date=2 December 2008|magazine=Time|access-date=25 March 2018|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327210125/http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1863162,00.html|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while Catherine spoke to wealthier people, gaining financial support for their work. She also acted as a religious minister, which was unusual at the time. The Foundation Deed of the Christian Mission states that women had the same rights to preach as men. William Booth described the organisation's approach: "The three 'S's' best expressed the way in which the Army administered to the 'down and outs': first, soup; second, soap; and finally, salvation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salvationarmy-newyork.org/SSGNY/index.php?id=_about-history|title=History of The Salvation Army – Social Services of Greater New York|access-date=30 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107004550/http://www.salvationarmy-newyork.org/SSGNY/index.php?id=_about-history |archive-date=7 January 2007 }}</ref>

In 1880, the Salvation Army started work in three other countries: Australia, Ireland, and the United States. Salvationists set out for the U.S. in 1880. George Scott Railton and his team started work in Harry Hill's Variety Theatre on 14 March 1880. The first notable convert was Ashbarrel Jimmie who had so many convictions for drunkenness that the judge sentenced him to attend the Salvation Army.{{r|Salvationists|p=113}} The corps in New York were founded as a result of Jimmys' rehabilitation. It was not always an [[Officer of The Salvation Army]] who started the Salvation Army in a new country; sometimes Salvationists emigrated to countries and started operating as "the Salvation Army" on their own authority. When the first official officers arrived in Australia and the United States, they found groups of Salvationists already waiting for them and started working with each other. The Army's organised social work began in Australia on 8 December 1883 with the establishment of a home for ex-convicts.{{r|Salvationists|p=82}} The Army encouraged emigration from 1885, and continued the work until the 1980s; its own resources describe it as the "largest voluntary migration society in the first half of the twentieth century, helping around 250 000 people to emigrate from the British Isles to the British Empire Dominions".<ref name="e576">{{cite web | first=Ruth|last=Macdonald|title='The New Exodus': The Salvation Army and Emigration | website=The Salvation Army | date=10 March 1923 | url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/about-us/international-heritage-centre/international-heritage-centre-blog/new-exodus-salvation-army | access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="z450">{{cite web | title=THE SALVATION ARMY INTERNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTRE SUBJECT GUIDE: MIGRATION | url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/2019-09/3._migration.pdf | access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>

In 1891, William Booth established a [[Hadleigh, Essex#Salvation Army Farm Colony|farm colony]] in Hadleigh, Essex, which allowed people to escape the overcrowded slums in London's East End. A fully working farm with its own market-gardens, orchards, and milk production, it provided training in basic building trades and household work.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salvation Army Farm Colony milk bottles |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/vVhAIAWDSii_ba1O95MAUg |access-date=30 September 2020 |agency=BBC}}</ref>

The Salvation Army's main converts were at first alcoholics, morphine addicts, prostitutes, and other "undesirables" unwelcome in polite Christian society, which helped prompt the Booths to start their own church.<ref name="Cruz">{{Cite news
 | last = Cruz
 | first = Sarah J.
 | date = December 2008
 | title = An Enduring Mission
 | periodical = Victorian Homes
 | location = [[Orange, CA]]
 | publisher = Action Pursuit Group
 | volume = 27
 | issue = 6
 | pages = 68–72
 | issn = 0744-415X
 }}</ref> The Booths did not include the use of [[sacrament]]s (mainly [[baptism]] and [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]]) in the Army's form of worship, believing that many Christians had come to rely on the outward signs of spiritual grace rather than on grace itself.<ref>{{cite web|title=Was alcohol why the Salvation Army quit both sacraments? Not exactly.|url=http://www.nodrinking.com/alcohol-why-salvation-army-quit-both-sacraments-not-exactly/|quote=The Rules of the Christian Mission had required: 'Unfermented wine only to be used' for the sacrament.}}
* {{cite book|first=Earl|last=Robinson|chapter=A Salvation Army Perspective on Baptism: Theological Understanding and Liturgical Practice|editor-first=Thomas F.|editor-last=Best|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ0_2XWXAsMC&pg=PA173|title= Baptism Today: Understanding, Practice, Ecumenical Implications|year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223214632/https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ0_2XWXAsMC&pg=PA173 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |pages=173–180|publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=9780814662212 }}</ref> Other beliefs are that its members should completely refrain from drinking alcohol<ref>{{cite web |last=Booth |first=William |year=1888 |title=Strong Drink - The Training of Children: How to Make the Children into Saints and Soldiers of Jesus Christ. |url=http://www.nodrinking.com/william-booth-moderation-safe-for-nobody/ |quote=Make the children understand that the thing is an evil in itself. Show them that it is manufactured by man—that God never made a drop of alcohol. To say that alcohol is a good creature of God is one of the devil's own lies fathered on foolish and ignorant people.}}
* {{cite web |last=Booth |first=Catherine |year=1879 |title=Strong Drink Versus Christianity - Papers on Practical Religion |url=http://www.nodrinking.com/catherine-booth-drink-itself-evil/ |quote=the drink, not the abuse of it, but the drink itself, is an evil thing, in very truth a "mocker," the product of Satanic art and malice, to be rejected and eschewed by all who have any regard for their own or their neighbour's well-being.}}
* {{cite web |last=Booth |first=Catherine |year=1884 |title=Away with the Drink - War Cry |url=http://www.nodrinking.com/catherine-booth-war-cry-away-with-the-drink/ |quote=strong drink is an evil thing—and you cannot have the moderate use of an evil thing—and therefore no Christian has any right to patronise it or to use it, or have anything to do with people who sell it or make it, or any of the houses wherein it is sold, but should wash their hands of the accursed thing. }}</ref> (Holy Communion is not practised), smoking, taking illegal drugs, and gambling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/heritage.nsf/0/fea4acf97c61102c80256a2200443120?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,doctrines |title=Articles of War For Salvation Army Soldiers |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |access-date=11 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610164243/http://www1.salvationarmy.org/heritage.nsf/0/fea4acf97c61102c80256a2200443120?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,doctrines |archive-date=10 June 2011}}</ref> Its soldiers wear a uniform tailored to the country in which they work; the uniform can be white, grey, navy, or fawn and are even styled like a [[sari]] in some areas. Any member of the public is welcome to attend their meetings.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

As the Salvation Army grew rapidly in the late 19th century, it generated opposition in England. Opponents, grouped under the name of the [[Skeleton Army]], disrupted Salvation Army meetings and gatherings with tactics such as throwing rocks, bones, rats, and tar and physical assaults on members of the Salvation Army. Much of this was led by pub owners who were losing business because of the Army's opposition to alcohol and its targeting of the frequenters of saloons and public houses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/heritage.nsf/36c107e27b0ba7a98025692e0032abaa/4be78290d9a20b738025697c0051c5b2!OpenDocument |title=The Skeleton Army |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |access-date=11 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805092213/http://www1.salvationarmy.org/heritage.nsf/36c107e27b0ba7a98025692e0032abaa/4be78290d9a20b738025697c0051c5b2!OpenDocument |archive-date=5 August 2009  }}</ref>

[[File:Yamamuro Gunpei.png|thumb|Gunpei Yamamuro, the first Japanese officer in the Salvation Army]]In 1882, the Salvation Army was established in Asia with the first outpost in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Mission |url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/history-global-mission |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116022133/https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/history-global-mission |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=14 March 2018 |publisher=Salvation Army UK}}</ref> The Army also established outposts in Australia in 1879, Japan in 1895, and China in 1915.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

[[File:Salvation Army activities. Hotel and cafeteria for (African American) men located at 7th and P Stre . . . - NARA - 533627.tif|thumb|left|Hotel and cafeteria for coloured men operated by The Salvation Army, Washington, D.C. circa 1917]]
The Salvation Army's reputation in the United States improved as a result of its disaster relief efforts following the [[Galveston Hurricane]] of 1900 and the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Today, in the U.S. alone, over 25,000 volunteer bell ringers with red kettles are stationed near retail stores during the weeks preceding Christmas for fundraising.<ref name="Cruz" /> The church remains a highly visible and sometimes controversial presence in many parts of the world.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

The Salvation Army was one of the original six organisations that made up the [[United Service Organizations|USO]], along with the [[YMCA]], [[YWCA]], [[National Catholic Community Service]]s, [[National Jewish Welfare Board]], and [[National Travelers Aid Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2012 |title=Serving the Troops for 71 Years |url=http://www.uso.org/stories/1096-the-uso-mission-serving-the-troops-for-71-years |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507154008/https://www.uso.org/stories/1096-the-uso-mission-serving-the-troops-for-71-years |archive-date=7 May 2018 |website=The USO}}</ref>

National Salvation Army week was created by [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Dwight D. Eisenhower]] on 24 November 1954, encouraging people to honour the Salvation Army for its work in the United States throughout the past seventy-five years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dwight D. Eisenhower: Proclamation 3078—National Salvation Army Week |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=107224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183743/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=107224 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref>

===History of Doughnut Day===
In 1917, over 250 Salvation Army volunteers went to soldiers' camps in France during World War I  to provide supplies and baked goods, including doughnuts, to soldiers. The women who served doughnuts to the troops fried them in soldiers' helmets. They were known as "Doughnut Lassies" and are credited with popularising doughnuts in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://centralusa.salvationarmy.org/metro/donutdayhistory/|title=The History of Donut Day|website=The Salvation Army|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207210850/http://centralusa.salvationarmy.org/metro/donutdayhistory/|archive-date=7 December 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> [[National Doughnut Day]] is now celebrated in the United States on the first Friday of June every year, a tradition that started in Chicago in 1938, to honour those who served doughnuts to soldiers during World War I.<ref>{{cite news|first=Kevin|last=Fagan|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/06/06/BAEQ181KO9.DTL |title=A holey holiday – National Donut Day|work=S.F. Chronicle|date=6 June 2009|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>

===Salvation Navy===
In 1911, New York City architect [[Bradford Gilbert]] donated a yacht, ''The Jerry McAuley'', to the Salvation Army.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Brinton|first= Arthur J. |date=2 August 1911 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96219347/missionary-ship-jerry-mcauley/ |title=Salvation Army Finds It Needs a Navy and Sends Off First Boat, The Jerry McAuley, to Fight Satan|work=The Asheville Weekly Citizen|location=Asheville, North Carolina)|page=6|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref> [[Jerry McAuley]] was a reformed criminal who founded the McAuley Water Street Mission (now the [[New York City Rescue Mission]]) in [[Lower Manhattan]]; he was also Mrs. Gilbert's first husband.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CBT2310008051&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=0763e1bf |chapter=Jeremiah McAuley|title=Dictionary of American Biography|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|date=1936|access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> This 35-foot powerboat with two cabins was the first vessel in the Salvation Navy in America; there were already two or three such vessels in [[Scandinavia]].<ref name=":0" /> Its purpose is "to cruise the Atlantic coast, north in the summer and south in the winter, doing missionary work among the seamen of the ports."<ref name=":0" /> There was a six person crew; the captain was evangelist Major Nils Erikson.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 1911 |title=The 'Army's' Navy: The Jerry McAuley Going to Sailors and Many Ports |pages=5 |work=The Raleigh Times (Raleigh, North Carolina) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96240397/jerry-mcauley-yacht/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

=== Safeguarding Work ===
The involvement of the Salvation Army in work to combat [[slavery]] and [[human trafficking]] can be traced back to William Booth publishing a letter in ''The War Cry'' in 1885.<ref>{{cite web |title=William Booth on Trafficking |url=http://www.florenceboothhouse.com/?page_id=16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030210028/http://florenceboothhouse.com/?page_id=16 |archive-date=30 October 2017 |access-date=13 April 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The same year an escapee from a prostitution house arrived at the door of the Salvation Army headquarters and sought help from Bramwell Booth.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Salvation Armys provision of services |url=http://www.florenceboothhouse.com/?page_id=16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030210028/http://florenceboothhouse.com/?page_id=16 |archive-date=30 October 2017 |access-date=13 April 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

An early precursor to the Salvation Army becoming involved in [[safeguarding]] work was [[Catherine Booth]] writing to [[Queen Victoria]] regarding a Parliamentary bill for the protection of girls.<ref>{{cite web |title=Personal papers |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/lists/gb-2133-sa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307182430/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/lists/gb-2133-sa.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009 |access-date=23 February 2009 |publisher=The National Archives, UK}}</ref> Safeguarding legislation was strengthened by a new act of Parliament, the "Public General Act, an Act to make further provision for the protection of women and girls, the suppression of brothels, and other purposes, (otherwise known as the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]])", which received Royal Assent on 14 August 1885<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Archives Helpdesk |url=http://www.parliament.uk/archives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727195342/http://www.parliament.uk/archives |archive-date=27 July 2016 |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> The Salvation Army was involved in getting this Act passed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 |url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/international-heritage-centre |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713074751/https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/international-heritage-centre |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> Its work included a petition (numbering 340,000 signatures, deposited on the floor of the House of Commons by eight uniformed Salvationists),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coutts |first=John |title=The Salvationists |publisher=A R Mowbray & Co Ltd |year=1977 |isbn=0-264-66071-4 |location=Oxford, England |pages=84}}</ref> mass meetings, and an investigation into child prostitution. W.T. Stead of ''[[The Pall Mall Gazette]]'' launched a campaign in 1885 by writing articles on ''The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon'' to expose the extent of child prostitution,{{r|Salvationists|p=84}} which involved procuring a girl, Eliza, for £5. She was cared for by the Army, taken to France, and subsequently testified as a key witness at the trial of Stead and Rebecca Jarrett (the prostitute who had arranged the "sale" of Eliza) at Bow Street. Both were sentenced to six months in prison.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

The newly founded Salvation Army in Japan also encountered child prostitution, derived from a system of ''Debt Bondage''. An imperial ordinance (written in classical Japanese which few could understand) declared the girls' right to freedom; the pioneer Salvationist Gunpei Yamamuro rewrote it in colloquial speech.{{r|Salvationists|p=86}} His wife Kiye took charge of a girls' home to provide accommodation for any girl wishing to give up prostitution. An imperial ordinance passed on 2 October 1900 stated that any woman who wished to give up prostitution only had to go to the nearest police station and ask.{{cn|date=October 2024}}