Editing The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (section)

==Sequels, remakes and musical works==
===Film===
Several unsuccessful attempts were made to produce sequels and remakes in the decades following ''Caligari''{{'s}} release. Robert Wiene bought the rights to ''Caligari'' from [[Universum Film AG]] in 1934 with the intention of filming a sound remake, which never materialised before Wiene's death in 1938. He intended to cast [[Jean Cocteau]] as Cesare, and a script, believed to be written by Wiene, indicated the Expressionist style would have been replaced with a French [[Surrealism|surrealist]] style.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|1997|pp=57–58}}</ref> In 1944, Erich Pommer and Hans Janowitz each separately attempted to obtain the legal rights to the film, with hopes of a Hollywood remake.<ref name="Budd32" /><ref name="Robinson58">{{Harvnb|Robinson|1997|p=58}}</ref> Pommer attempted to argue he had a better claim to the rights because the primary value of the original film came not from the writing, but "in the revolutionary way the picture was produced".<ref>{{Harvnb|Budd|1990b|p=35}}</ref> However, both Janowitz and Pommer ran into complications related to the invalidity of Nazi law in the United States, and uncertainty over the legal rights of sound and silent films.<ref name="Budd32" /><ref name="Robinson58"/> Janowitz wrote a treatment for a remake, and in January 1945 was offered a minimum guarantee of $16,000 against a five-percent royalty for his rights to the original film for a sequel to be directed by [[Fritz Lang]], but the project never came to fruition.<ref name="Robinson58" /><ref name="Budd33">{{Harvnb|Budd|1990b|p=33}}</ref> Later, Janowitz planned a sequel called ''Caligari II'', and unsuccessfully attempted to sell the property to a Hollywood producer for $30,000.<ref name="Budd33" />

Around 1947, Hollywood agent [[Paul Kohner]] and Hungarian filmmaker {{Interlanguage link|Ernst Matray|de}} also planned a ''Caligari'' sequel; Matray and his wife [[Maria Solveg]] wrote a screenplay called ''The Return of Caligari''.<ref name="Budd33" /> That script would have reimagined Caligari as a former Nazi officer and war criminal, but the film was never produced.<ref name="Robinson58" /><ref name="Budd33" /> In 1960, independent Hollywood producer [[Robert Lippert]] acquired the rights to ''Caligari'' from Matray and Universum Film AG for $50,000, and produced a film called ''[[The Cabinet of Caligari]]'', which was released in 1962.<ref name="Budd33" /> Screenwriter [[Robert Bloch]] did not intend to write a ''Caligari'' remake, and in fact the title was forced upon his untitled screenplay by director Roger Kay.<ref name="Newman461">{{Harvnb|Newman|2011|p=461}}</ref> The film had few similarities to the original ''Caligari'' except for its title and a plot twist at the end,<ref name="Robinson58" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B06EEDC103EE43BBC4E51DFB3668389679EDE |title=The Cabinet of Caligari (1962) |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |author-link=Bosley Crowther |work=The New York Times |date=26 May 1962 |access-date=30 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531123940/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B06EEDC103EE43BBC4E51DFB3668389679EDE |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> in which it is revealed the story was simply the delusion of the protagonist, who believed she was being held captive by a character named Caligari. Instead, he was her psychiatrist, and he cures her at the end of the film.<ref name="Robinson58" />

The 1983 film ''[[Caligari's Cure]]'', directed by avant-garde filmmaker [[Tom Palazzolo]], was an experimental updating of ''The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari'' that featured extensive clips from it. While ''Caligari's Cure'' remains obscure, it was generally well-received.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/caligaris-cure-vm13511|title=Caligari's Cure (1982) - Tom Palazzolo|accessdate=April 19, 2024|website=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagofilmarchives.org/news/2023/10/cfa-receives-avant-garde-masters-grant-to-preserve-tom-palazzolos-caligaris-cure/|title=CFA Receives Avant-Garde Masters Grant to Preserve Tom Palazzolo's Caligari's Cure - Chicago Film Archives|date=October 13, 2023|accessdate=April 19, 2024|website=[[Chicago Film Archives]]}}</ref>

A quasi-sequel, called ''[[Dr. Caligari (film)|Dr. Caligari]]'', was released in 1989,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/movies/their-bedside-manners-need-work.html?_r=0 |title=Their Bedside Manners Need Work |last=Piepenburg |first=Erik |work=The New York Times |date=30 May 2013 |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140812200839/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/movies/their-bedside-manners-need-work.html?_r=1& |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> directed by [[Stephen Sayadian]] and starring Madeleine Reynal as the granddaughter of the original Caligari, now running an asylum and performing bizarre hormonal experiments on its patients. The sex-driven story ultimately had little in common with the original film.<ref name="Newman461" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Vanderknyff |first=Rick |title=Marketing 'Dr. Caligari' Is Out of Cabinet and on Its Way |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=18 March 1990 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-03-18-ca-1145-story.html |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219081747/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-18/entertainment/ca-1145_1_cult-film |archive-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1992, theatre director [[Peter Sellars]] released his only feature film, ''[[The Cabinet of Dr. Ramirez]]'', an experimental film loosely based on ''Caligari''. However, the storyline was created as the film was being made, so it has few similarities with the original film.<ref name="Sundance">{{cite news |title=The Cabinet of Dr. Ramirez |publisher=[[Sundance Institute]] |year=1992 |url=http://history.sundance.org/films/467/the_cabinet_of_dr_ramirez |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008084442/http://history.sundance.org/films/467/the_cabinet_of_dr_ramirez |archive-date=8 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Catalano |first=Peter |title=Sellars' First Reel : The Director Shoots a Silent Movie With Baryshnikov and Cusack. But Even Sellars Doesn't Know How It Will End. |work=Los Angeles Times |date=13 December 1990 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-12-13-ca-8683-story.html |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219081433/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-12-13/entertainment/ca-8683_1_sellars-baryshnikov-director |archive-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was screened only at the 1992 [[Sundance Film Festival]] and never theatrically released.<ref name="Sundance" /> An [[The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (2005 film)|independent film remake]] of ''Caligari'' edited, written and directed by David Lee Fisher was released in 2005, in which new actors were placed in front of the actual backdrops from the original film. The actors performed in front of a [[Chroma key|green screen]], then their performances were superimposed in front of [[Matte (filmmaking)|matte]] shots based on the original sets. [[Doug Jones (actor)|Doug Jones]] played the role of Cesare.<ref>{{cite news |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |title=The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (2006) |work=The New York Times |date=25 October 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/25/movies/25cali.html |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150219052328/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/25/movies/25cali.html?_r=0 |archive-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Leydon |first=Joe |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=24 October 2006 |url=https://variety.com/2006/film/reviews/the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari-2-1200512408/ |title=Review: 'The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari' |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219081520/http://variety.com/2006/film/reviews/the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari-2-1200512408/ |archive-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Collura |first=Scott |title=Exclusive: Caligari awakens again |website=[[IGN]] |date=25 October 2006 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/10/25/exclusive-caligari-awakens-again |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219093022/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/10/25/exclusive-caligari-awakens-again |archive-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Music and stage===
Numerous musicians have composed scores to accompany the film.

* The [[Club Foot Orchestra]] premiered a score penned by ensemble founder and artistic director [[Richard Marriott]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clubfootorchestra.com/caligari.html |title=The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari |publisher=Club Foot Orchestra |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222205813/http://www.clubfootorchestra.com/caligari.html |archive-date=22 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The Israeli Electronica group TaaPet composed a soundtrack for the film and performed it several times through [[Israel]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soundtrack for The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari |publisher=[[Bandcamp]] |year=2000 |url=http://taapet.bandcamp.com/album/soundtrack-for-the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104439/http://taapet.bandcamp.com/album/soundtrack-for-the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The British composer and musician [[Geoff Smith (British musician)|Geoff Smith]] composed a new soundtrack for the film in 2003.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hamilton |first=Andy |title= On Location |magazine= The Wire |date=April 2003 |page=84}}</ref>
* In 2013, the [[Dallas Chamber Symphony]] commissioned composer [[Brian Satterwhite]] to write an original musical score for the film, which was premiered during a concert screening at [[Moody Performance Hall]] on February 26, 2013 with [[Richard McKay]] conducting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laughlin |first=Jamie |title=Last Night We Learned Dr. Caligari's Twist Ending: Dallas Needs Chamber Symphony |url=https://www.dallasobserver.com/arts/last-night-we-learned-dr-caligaris-twist-ending-dallas-needs-chamber-symphony-7092473 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Dallas Observer |language=en}}</ref>
* The Dutch psychedelic band Monomyth composed a new score and performed it during a screening of ''Caligari'' at the [[Imagine Film Festival]] in the Netherlands in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imaginefilmfestival.com/films/das-cabinet-des-dr-caligari |title=Filmconcert: Monomyth plays Caligari |date=4 May 2016 |publisher=[[Imagine Film Festival]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504100546/http://imaginefilmfestival.com/films/das-cabinet-des-dr-caligari|archive-date=4 May 2016|url-status=dead |access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref> Bertelsmann/BMG commissioned [[Timothy Brock]] to adapt his 1996 score for string orchestra for a 2014 restoration; Brock conducted the premiere in Brussels on 15 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bertelsmann Presents 'UFA Film Nights' in Brussels |publisher=[[Bertelsmann]] |date=9 September 2014 |url=http://www.bertelsmann.com/news-and-media/news/bertelsmann-presents-ufa-film-nights-in-brussels.jsp |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113842/http://www.bertelsmann.com/news-and-media/news/bertelsmann-presents-ufa-film-nights-in-brussels.jsp |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 2012, the Chatterbox Audio Theatre recorded a live soundtrack, including dialogue, sound effects, and music for ''Caligari'', which was released on [[YouTube]] on 30 October 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Davis |first=Chris |title=A Voice for Caligari: Chatterbox Audio Theatre drops a Halloween treat |work=[[Memphis Flyer]] |date=30 October 2013 |url=http://www.memphisflyer.com/FlyontheWallBlog/archives/2013/10/30/a-voice-for-caligari-chatterbox-audio-theatre-drops-a-halloween-treat |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906061640/http://www.memphisflyer.com/FlyontheWallBlog/archives/2013/10/30/a-voice-for-caligari-chatterbox-audio-theatre-drops-a-halloween-treat |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Two new scores were recorded for a 2016 DVD release of ''Caligari'': a traditional score by Timothy Brock performed by the [[Brussels Philharmonic]], and an [[Electroacoustic music|electroacoustic]] score by [[Edison Studio]], a collective of composers.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Cinestore |title=Caligari |date=2016 |url=http://cinestore.cinetecadibologna.it/bookshop/dettaglio/105 |language=it |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701111515/http://cinestore.cinetecadibologna.it/bookshop/dettaglio/105 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 1981, [[Bill Nelson (musician)|Bill Nelson]] was asked by the Yorkshire Actors Company to create a soundtrack for a stage adaptation of the film. That music was later recorded for his 1982 album ''Das Kabinet (The Cabinet Of Doctor Caligari)''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prown|1997|pp=87}}</ref>
* In 1983, the German TV station [[ZDF]] commissioned composer [[Peter Michael Hamel]] to create a new score for a restoration of the film, based on a 1921 print. The version with Hamel's music premiered on ZDF in May 1983, and was subsequently broadcast during the 1980s and 1990s on TV stations in a number of European countries, including Spain and Poland.
* ''Caligari'' was adapted into an opera in 1997 by composer [[John Moran (composer)|John Moran]]. It premiered at the [[American Repertory Theater]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], in a production by Robert McGrath.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[American Repertory Theater]] |year=1997 |title=The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari |url=http://www.americanrepertorytheater.org/events/show/cabinet-dr-caligari |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215011658/http://americanrepertorytheater.org/events/show/cabinet-dr-caligari |archive-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* A two-act musical adaptation premiered at the 2001 Midtown International Theatre Festival. Music and lyrics were by Douglas Hicton, with the book by Richard Lawton and Hicton. The production was directed by David Leidholdt.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.talkinbroadway.com/page/ob/7_17_01.html | title=Talkin' Broadway Off-Broadway - the Cabinet of Dr. Caligari - 7/17/01 }}</ref>
* [[Joseph Kahn (director)|Joseph Kahn]] and [[Rob Zombie]] directed a music video for the 1999 single "[[Living Dead Girl (song)|Living Dead Girl]]" with imagery directly inspired by ''The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Cornell |first=Jeff |title=10 Best Rob Zombie Songs |work=[[Loudwire]] |date=4 June 2015 |url=https://loudwire.com/best-rob-zombie-songs/ |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807134326/https://loudwire.com/best-rob-zombie-songs/ |archive-date=7 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Robinson |first=Phoebe |title=The 12 Scariest Music Videos of All Time |work=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |date=28 October 2014 |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/scary-music-videos-halloween |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807134325/https://www.glamour.com/story/scary-music-videos-halloween |archive-date=7 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> with Zombie's wife [[Sheri Moon Zombie]] playing the Cesare part.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Top 15 Music Videos Based on Horror Films |work=[[Alternative Press (magazine)|Alternative Press]] |date=12 April 2017 |url=https://www.altpress.com/features/the_top_15_music_videos_based_on_horror_films/ |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807134326/https://www.altpress.com/features/the_top_15_music_videos_based_on_horror_films/ |archive-date=7 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2015, Indian scenographer and director [[Deepan Sivaraman]] adapted the film into an hour-long mixed-media piece with the performance studies students at [[Ambedkar University Delhi]] as part of a course entitled "Space and Spectatorship".<ref>{{cite news |last=Nath |first=Dipanitha |title=Master of the Dark Arts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/master-of-the-dark-arts/ |access-date=23 July 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714072601/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/master-of-the-dark-arts/ |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Scottish Opera]]'s Connect Company commissioned composer Karen MacIver and librettist Allan Dunn to produce an opera based on ''The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari'',<ref name="Smythe">{{cite news |last=Smythe |first=David |title=Scottish Opera Connect's chilling ''Cabinet of Doctor Caligari'' raises the hairs |work=[[Bachtrack]] |date=11 April 2016 |url=https://bachtrack.com/review-cabinet-dr-caligari-scottish-opera-connect-glasgow-april-2016/amp=1Bachtrack |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807134325/https://bachtrack.com/review-cabinet-dr-caligari-scottish-opera-connect-glasgow-april-2016/amp%3D1Bachtrack |archive-date=7 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apter">{{cite news |last=Apter |first=Kelly |title=Scottish Opera Connect Company: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (4 stars) |work=The List |date=14 April 2016 |url=https://www.list.co.uk/article/79985-scottish-opera-connect-company-the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari/ |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807134324/https://www.list.co.uk/article/79985-scottish-opera-connect-company-the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari/ |archive-date=7 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Speirs |first=Kathleen |title=Glasgow primary school set to perform with Scottish Opera |work=[[List of Reach plc titles|Glasgow Live]] |date=7 April 2017 |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-primary-school-set-perform-12859805 |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807134334/https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-primary-school-set-perform-12859805 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> which was first performed in 2016.<ref name="Smythe" /><ref name="Apter" /> Though it shared the same story as the film, the setting was changed to [[Glasgow Green]] and [[Gartloch]] in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]].<ref name="Smythe" />
* In 2020, Spanish post-rock band Toundra released their own soundtrack to the movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insideoutshop.de/index.html|title=Insideoutshop.de|website=www.insideoutshop.de|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> It was released exactly 100 years after the original film premiere. The album consists of 7 songs, which match the film structure - opening title sequence, plus six film acts. The songs are also the same length as the acts, so the music can be synchronised to the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metalstorm.net/pub/review.php?review_id=15446|title=Toundra - Das Cabinet Des Dr. Caligari review - Metal Storm|website=www.metalstorm.net|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>
* In 2024, German musician and Ex-[[Kraftwerk]] member [[Karl Bartos]] released a new soundtrack for the movie. It premiered on February 17 at the Alte Oper in Frankfurt am Main.
* In 1998, an audio adaptation of ''The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari'' written and directed by [[Yuri Rasovsky]] was released by Tangled Web Audio on audio cassette. The cast included [[John de Lancie]], [[Kaitlin Hopkins]], and Robertson Dean.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/908/the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari-by-yuri-rasovsky/ |title=The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari |work=[[AudioFile (magazine)|AudioFile]] |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075705/https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/908/the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari-by-yuri-rasovsky/ |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The dramatisation won the [[Independent Publisher Book Awards|Independent Publisher Book Award]] for Best Direct-to-Audio Production in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Independent Publisher Book Awards]] |title=1999 Medalists |date=18 September 1999 |url=http://www.ippyawards.com/88/medalists/1999-medalists |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615120017/http://www.ippyawards.com/88/medalists/1999-medalists |archive-date=15 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, [[BBC Radio 3]] broadcast an audio adaptation by Amanda Dalton entitled ''Caligari'', starring [[Luke Treadaway]], Tom Ferguson, Sarah McDonald Hughes, Terence Mann, and [[countertenor]] [[Robin Blaze]] as Cesare.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00f4rdf |title=Drama on 3, Caligari |publisher=[[BBC Online]] |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129002503/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00f4rdf |archive-date=29 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/writersroom/scripts/caligari |title=Caligari – Amanda Dalton |publisher=[[BBC Online]] |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075931/https://www.bbc.co.uk/writersroom/scripts/caligari |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Caligari was an entirely silent character in this adaptation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Amanda |title=Caligari |publisher=[[BBC Online]] |url=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/writersroom/scripts/caligari.pdf |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417185449/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/writersroom/scripts/caligari.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>