Editing Thalidomide (section)

==Research==
Research efforts have been focused on determining how thalidomide causes birth defects and its other activities in the human body, efforts to develop safer analogs, and efforts to find further uses for thalidomide.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Mathias CB, McAleer JP, Szollosi DE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4sK3DwAAQBAJ&dq=thalidomide+efforts++safer+analogs&pg=PA336 |title=Pharmacology of Immunotherapeutic Drugs |date=2019-10-18 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-19922-7 |language=en}}</ref>

===Thalidomide analogs===
{{Main|Development of analogs of thalidomide}}
The exploration of the [[antiangiogenic]] and immunomodulatory activities of thalidomide has led to the study and creation of thalidomide [[Functional analog (chemistry)|analog]]s.<ref name="pmid10447943">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shah JH, Swartz GM, Papathanassiu AE, Treston AM, Fogler WE, Madsen JW, Green SJ |date=August 1999 |title=Synthesis and enantiomeric separation of 2-phthalimidino-glutaric acid analogues: potent inhibitors of tumor metastasis |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |volume=42 |issue=16 |pages=3014–7 |doi=10.1021/jm990083y |pmid=10447943}}</ref><ref name="pmid11740816">{{Cite journal |vauthors=D'Amato RJ, Lentzsch S, Anderson KC, Rogers MS |date=December 2001 |title=Mechanism of action of thalidomide and 3-aminothalidomide in multiple myeloma |journal=Seminars in Oncology |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=597–601 |doi=10.1016/S0093-7754(01)90031-4 |pmid=11740816}}</ref> Celgene has sponsored numerous clinical trials with analogues to thalidomide, such as [[lenalidomide]], that are substantially more powerful and have fewer side effects&nbsp;— except for greater [[myelosuppression]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rao KV |date=September 2007 |title=Lenalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma |journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy |volume=64 |issue=17 |pages=1799–807 |doi=10.2146/ajhp070029 |pmid=17724360}}</ref> In 2005, Celgene received FDA approval for [[lenalidomide]] (Revlimid) as the first commercially useful derivative. Revlimid is available only in a restricted distribution setting to avoid its use during pregnancy. Further studies are being conducted to find safer compounds with useful qualities. Another more potent analog, [[pomalidomide]], is now FDA-approved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search of: pomalidomide |url=http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/search?term=pomalidomide&submit=Search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703130302/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/search?term=pomalidomide&submit=Search |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=1 September 2012 |publisher=Clinicaltrials.gov}}</ref> Additionally, [[apremilast]] was approved by the FDA in March 2014. These [[Discovery and development of thalidomide and its analogs|thalidomide analogs]] can be used to treat different diseases, or used in a regimen to fight two conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raghupathy R, Billett HH |date=March 2009 |title=Promising therapies in sickle cell disease |journal=Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders Drug Targets |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.2174/187152909787581354 |pmid=19275572}}</ref>

Interest turned to [[pomalidomide]], a [[derivative (chemistry)|derivative]] of thalidomide marketed by [[Celgene Corporation|Celgene]]. It is a very active anti-angiogenic agent<ref name=pmid11740816/>  and also acts as an [[immunomodulator]]. Pomalidomide was approved in February 2013 by the FDA as a treatment for relapsed and refractory [[multiple myeloma]].<ref name="P1">{{Cite web |title=Pomalyst (Pomalidomide) Approved By FDA For Relapsed And Refractory Multiple Myeloma |url=http://www.myelomabeacon.com/news/2013/02/08/pomalyst-pomalidomide-fda-approval-multiple-myeloma/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107033928/http://www.myelomabeacon.com/news/2013/02/08/pomalyst-pomalidomide-fda-approval-multiple-myeloma/ |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=The Myeloma Beacon}}</ref> It received a similar approval from the [[European Commission]] in August 2013, and is expected to be marketed in Europe under the brand name '''Imnovid'''.<ref name="P2">{{Cite web |title=Pomalidomide Approved In Europe For Relapsed And Refractory Multiple Myeloma |url=http://www.myelomabeacon.com/news/2013/08/09/pomalidomide-imnovid-pomalyst-europe-ema-approval-multiple-myeloma/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118140152/http://www.myelomabeacon.com/news/2013/08/09/pomalidomide-imnovid-pomalyst-europe-ema-approval-multiple-myeloma/ |archive-date=18 January 2014 |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=The Myeloma Beacon}}</ref>

===Clinical research===
There is no conclusive evidence that thalidomide or [[lenalidomide]] is useful to bring about or maintain remission in Crohn's disease.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Srinivasan R, Akobeng AK |date=April 2009 |title=Thalidomide and thalidomide analogues for induction of remission in Crohn's disease |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=2 |pages=CD007350 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007350.pub2 |pmid=19370684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Akobeng AK, Stokkers PC |date=April 2009 |title=Thalidomide and thalidomide analogues for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2009 |issue=2 |pages=CD007351 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007351.pub2 |pmc=7207562 |pmid=19370685}}</ref>

Thalidomide was studied in a Phase II trial for [[Kaposi's sarcoma]], a rare soft-tissue cancer most commonly seen in the immunocompromised, that is caused by the [[Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]] (KSHV).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2013 |title=Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment & Management |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-treatment#showall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145013/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-treatment#showall |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014 |website=Medscape Reference |publisher=WebMD |vauthors=Rose LJ, Fishman AD, Sparano JA |veditors=Talavera F, McKenna R, Harris JE}}</ref><ref name="pmid15172781" />

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* AIDS wasting syndrome,<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gordon JN, Trebble TM, Ellis RD, Duncan HD, Johns T, Goggin PM |date=April 2005 |title=Thalidomide in the treatment of cancer cachexia: a randomised placebo controlled trial |journal=Gut |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=540–5 |doi=10.1136/gut.2004.047563 |pmc=1774430 |pmid=15753541}}</ref> associated diarrhea<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharpstone D, Rowbottom A, Francis N, Tovey G, Ellis D, Barrett M, Gazzard B |date=June 1997 |title=Thalidomide: a novel therapy for microsporidiosis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=112 |issue=6 |pages=1823–9 |doi=10.1053/gast.1997.v112.pm9178672 |pmid=9178672 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Renal cell carcinoma]] (RCC)<ref name="pmid15172781" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tunio MA, Hashmi A, Qayyum A, Naimatullah N, Masood R |date=September 2012 |title=Low-dose thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma |journal=The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=876–9 |pmid=23139966}}</ref>
* [[Glioblastoma multiforme]]<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* [[Prostate cancer]]<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* [[Melanoma]]<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* [[Colorectal cancer]]<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* [[Crohn's disease]]<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* [[Behcet's syndrome]]<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hamuryudan V, Mat C, Saip S, Ozyazgan Y, Siva A, Yurdakul S, Zwingenberger K, Yazici H |date=March 1998 |title=Thalidomide in the treatment of the mucocutaneous lesions of the Behçet syndrome. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=128 |issue=6 |pages=443–50 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00004 |pmid=9499327 |s2cid=12089634}}</ref>
* [[Breast cancer]]<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* [[Head and neck cancer]]<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* [[Ovarian cancer]]<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* Chronic heart failure<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* Graft-versus-host disease<ref name="pmid15172781" />
* [[Tuberculous meningitis]]<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wallis RS, Hafner R |date=April 2015 |title=Advancing host-directed therapy for tuberculosis |journal=Nature Reviews. Immunology |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=255–63 |doi=10.1038/nri3813 |pmid=25765201 |s2cid=1452130}}</ref>
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