Editing Technology (section)

==Movements==

===Appropriate technology===
{{main|Appropriate technology}}
Some segments of the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s hippie counterculture]] grew to dislike urban living and developed a preference for [[Localism (politics)|locally autonomous]], [[sustainable]], and [[decentralized]] technology, termed ''appropriate technology''. This later influenced [[hacker culture]] and [[technopaganism]].

===Technological utopianism===
{{main|Technological utopianism}}

Technological utopianism refers to the belief that technological development is a [[moral good]], which can and should bring about a [[utopia]], that is, a society in which laws, governments, and social conditions serve the needs of all its citizens.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Segal |first=H. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6RabZ8t48gC |title=Technological Utopianism in American Culture|edition=20th Anniversary|year=2005 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0815630616 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004185317/https://books.google.com/books?id=n6RabZ8t48gC |url-status=live }}</ref> Examples of techno-utopian goals include [[post-scarcity economics]], [[life extension]], [[mind uploading]], [[cryonics]], and the creation of artificial [[superintelligence]]. Major techno-utopian movements include [[transhumanism]] and [[singularitarianism]].

The transhumanism movement is founded upon the "continued evolution of human life beyond its current human form" through science and technology, informed by "life-promoting principles and values."<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Roots and Core Themes |date=29 April 2013 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118555927.part1 |title=The Transhumanist Reader |pages=1–2 |editor-last=More |editor-first=M. |editor-link=Max More |edition= |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1002/9781118555927.part1 |isbn=978-1118334294 |access-date=11 September 2022 |editor2-last=Vita-More |editor2-first=N. |editor2-link=Natasha Vita-More |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911102725/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118555927.part1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The movement gained wider popularity in the early 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Istvan |first=Zoltan |date=1 February 2015 |title=A New Generation of Transhumanists Is Emerging |url=https://www.interaliamag.org/articles/a-new-generation-of-transhumanists-is-emerging/ |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=Interalia Magazine |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911102727/https://www.interaliamag.org/articles/a-new-generation-of-transhumanists-is-emerging/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Technological singularity|Singularitarians]] believe that machine superintelligence will "accelerate technological progress" by orders of magnitude and "create even more intelligent entities ever faster", which may lead to a pace of societal and technological change that is "incomprehensible" to us. This ''event horizon'' is known as the [[technological singularity]].<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Future Trajectories: Singularity |date=29 April 2013 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118555927.part8 |title=The Transhumanist Reader |pages=361–363 |editor-last=More |editor-first=M. |edition= |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1002/9781118555927.part8 |isbn=978-1118334294 |access-date=11 September 2022 |editor2-last=Vita-More |editor2-first=N. |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911110449/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118555927.part8 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Major figures of techno-utopianism include [[Ray Kurzweil]] and [[Nick Bostrom]]. Techno-utopianism has attracted both praise and criticism from progressive, religious, and conservative thinkers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Blackford |first1=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XinlAEACAAJ |title=H±: Transhumanism and Its Critics |last2=Bostrom |first2=N. |last3=Dupuy |first3=J.-P. |date=2011 |publisher=Metanexus Institute |isbn=978-1456815653 |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004185317/https://books.google.com/books?id=2XinlAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Anti-technology backlash===
{{See also|Luddite|Neo-Luddism|Bioconservatism}}
Technology's central role in our lives has drawn concerns and backlash. The backlash against technology is not a uniform movement and encompasses many heterogeneous ideologies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Steven E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPBZANKoOHkC |title=Against Technology: From the Luddites to Neo-Luddism |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135522391 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004185317/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPBZANKoOHkC |url-status=live }}</ref>

The earliest known revolt against technology was [[Luddism]], a pushback against early automation in textile production. Automation had resulted in a need for fewer workers, a process known as [[technological unemployment]].

Between the 1970s and 1990s, American terrorist [[Ted Kaczynski]] carried out a series of bombings across America and published the ''[[Industrial Society and Its Future|Unabomber Manifesto]]'' denouncing technology's negative impacts on nature and human freedom. The essay resonated with a large part of the American public.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelman |first=David |date=1 June 2020 |title=Politics in a Small Room: Subterranean Babel in Piglia's El camino de Ida |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/ycl.63.005 |journal=The Yearbook of Comparative Literature |volume=63 |pages=179–201 |doi=10.3138/ycl.63.005 |s2cid=220494877 |issn=0084-3695 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306190259/https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/ycl.63.005 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was partly inspired by Jacques Ellul's ''[[The Technological Society]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleming |first1=Sean |date=7 May 2021 |title=The Unabomber and the origins of anti-tech radicalism |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=207–225 |doi=10.1080/13569317.2021.1921940 |issn=1356-9317 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some subcultures, like the [[off-the-grid]] movement, advocate a withdrawal from technology and a return to nature. The [[ecovillage]] movement seeks to reestablish harmony between technology and nature.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vannini|first1=Phillip|author2=Jonathan Taggart|title=Voluntary simplicity, involuntary complexities, and the pull of remove: The radical ruralities of off-grid lifestyles|journal=Environment and Planning A|volume=45|number=2|year=2013|pages=295–311|doi=10.1068/a4564 |bibcode=2013EnPlA..45..295V |s2cid=143970611 }}</ref>