Editing Steve Biko (section)

===Influence===
[[File:SteveBiko DaanWildschut.jpg|thumb|upright|Steve Biko on a stained glass window in the Saint Anna Church in [[Heerlen]], the Netherlands]]
Biko is viewed as the "father" of the Black Consciousness Movement and the anti-apartheid movement's first icon.{{sfnm|1a1=Ahluwalia|1a2=Zegeye|1y=2001|1p=460|2a1=Hill|2y=2015|2p=xiii}}{{sfn|Lynskey|2013}} [[Nelson Mandela]] called him "the spark that lit a veld fire across South Africa",{{sfn|Mandela|2014|p=7}} adding that the Nationalist government "had to kill him to prolong the life of apartheid".{{sfn|Mandela|2014|p=8}} Opening an anthology of his work in 2008, [[Manning Marable]] and [[Peniel Joseph]] wrote that his death had "created a vivid symbol of black resistance" to apartheid that "continues to inspire new black activists" over a decade after the transition to majority rule.{{sfn|Marable|Joseph|2008|p=x}} Johann de Wet, a professor of [[communication studies]], described him as "one of South Africa's most gifted political strategists and communicators".{{sfn|de Wet|2013|p=293}} In 2004 he was elected 13th in [[SABC 3]]'s [[Great South Africans]] public poll.<ref name=bizcommunity.com />

Although Biko's ideas have not received the same attention as Frantz Fanon's,{{sfn|Ahluwalia|Zegeye|2001|p=455}} in 2001 Ahluwalia and Zegeye wrote that the men shared "a highly similar pedigree in their interests in the philosophical psychology of consciousness, their desire for a decolonising of the mind, the liberation of Africa and in the politics of nationalism and socialism for the 'wretched of the earth{{'"}}.{{sfn|Ahluwalia|Zegeye|2001|p=455}} Some academics argue that Biko's thought remains relevant; for example, in ''[[African Identities]]'' in 2015, Isaac Kamola wrote that Biko's critique of white liberalism was relevant to situations like the [[United Nations]]' [[Millennium Development Goals]] and [[Invisible Children, Inc.]]'s ''[[Kony 2012|KONY 2012]]'' campaign.{{sfn|Kamola|2015|p=63}}

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=left|quote=Though internationally Steve Biko became a symbol of apartheid abuse in the years following his death, for the [Black Consciousness]-minded (wherever they live) he has always been remembered for the life he led and the ethos he inspired among millions. And for his family and friends, he was much more: a husband, a father, a son, a brother, a confidant, a self-described freedom fighter.|source=Shannen L. Hill{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=85}} }}

Woods held the view that Biko had filled the vacuum within the country's African nationalist movement that arose in the late 1960s following the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela and the banning of Sobukwe.{{sfn|Woods|1978|p=30}} Following Biko's death, the Black Consciousness Movement declined in influence as the ANC emerged as a resurgent force in anti-apartheid politics.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=287}} This brought about a shift in focus from the BCM's community organising to wider mass mobilisation, including attempts to follow Tambo's call to make South Africa "ungovernable", which involved increasing violence and clashes between rival anti-apartheid groups.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|pp=288–289}}

Followers of Biko's ideas re-organised as the [[Azanian People's Organisation]] (AZAPO), which subsequently split into the [[Socialist Party of Azania]] and the [[Black People's Convention]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mangcu|1y=2014|1pp=266, 296|2a1=Hill|2y=2015|2p=193}} Several figures associated with the ANC denigrated Biko during the 1980s.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=289}} For instance, members of the ANC-affiliated [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)|United Democratic Front]] assembled outside Biko's Ginsberg home shouting ''U-Steve Biko, I-CIA!'', an allegation that Biko was a spy for the United States' [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA). These demonstrations resulted in clashes with Biko supporters from AZAPO.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=295}}

A year after Biko's death, his "Frank Talk" writings were published as an edited collection, ''[[I Write What I Like]]''.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|pp=177–178}} The defence that Biko provided for arrested SASO activists was used as the basis for the 1978 book ''The Testimony of Steve Biko'', edited by Millard Arnold.{{sfn|Macqueen|2014|p=520}} Woods fled to England that year, where he campaigned against apartheid and further publicised Biko's life and death, writing many newspaper articles about him, as well as a book, ''Biko'' (1978). This was made into the 1987 film ''[[Cry Freedom]]'' by [[Richard Attenborough]],{{sfn|Blandy|2007}} starring [[Denzel Washington]] as Biko.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=160}} Many film critics and Black Consciousness proponents were concerned that the film foregrounded white characters like Woods over Biko himself,{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=160}} but ''Cry Freedom'' brought Biko's life and activism to a wider audience.{{sfn|Silove|1990|p=417}} The state censors initially permitted its release in South Africa, but after it began screening in the country's cinemas, copies were confiscated by police on the order of Police Commissioner General Hendrik de Wit, who claimed that it would inflame tensions and endanger public safety.{{sfn|Hill|2015|pp=158–159}} The South African government banned many books about Biko, including those of Arnold and Woods.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=151}}