Editing Southeast Asia (section)

===Climate===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Southeastern Asia 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Southeast Asia map of [[Köppen climate classification]]]]

Most of Southeast Asia have a [[tropical climate]] that is hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shifts in winds or [[monsoon]]s. The [[tropical rain belt]] causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rainforest is the second largest on Earth (with the [[Amazon rainforest]] being the largest). Exceptions to the typical tropical climate and forest vegetation are:
# Places such as [[Northern Vietnam]] with a [[subtropical climate]] that is sometimes influenced by [[cold waves]] which move from the northeast and the [[Siberian High]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worlddata.info/asia/vietnam/climate.php |title=Vietnam Climate |website=WorldData.info |access-date=2023-11-24}}</ref>
## the northern part of Central Vietnam also is occasionally influenced by cold waves
# mountain areas in the northern region and the higher islands, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures
# the [[Dry Zone (Myanmar)|“dry zone”]] of central Myanmar in the [[rain shadow]] of the [[Arakan Mountains]], where annual rainfall can be as low as {{convert|600|mm|in|0|disp=or}}, which under the hot temperatures that prevail is dry enough to qualify as [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. 
# Southern areas in [[South Central Coast]] of Vietnam is marked with hot [[semi-arid climate]] due to weak monsoon activities and high temperature throughout the year. Annual rainfall of this region varies between {{convert|400|mm|in|0|disp=or}} to {{convert|800|mm|in|0|disp=or}}, with an 8-month dry season. 

==== Climate change ====
{{Main|Climate change in Asia}}
[[File:Cheung 2023 fishery projections.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Under the highest-emission scenario, Southeast Asian countries would see substantial reductions in seafood available from their [[exclusive economic zone]]s by 2050<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cheung |first1=William W. L. |last2=Maire |first2=Eva |last3=Oyinlola |first3=Muhammed A. |last4=Robinson |first4=James P. W. |last5=Graham |first5=Nicholas A. J. |last6=Lam |first6=Vicky W. Y. |last7=MacNeil |first7=M. Aaron |last8=Hicks |first8=Christina C. |date=30 October 2023 |title=Climate change exacerbates nutrient disparities from seafood |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=1242–1249 |doi=10.1038/s41558-023-01822-1 |doi-access=free|pmid=37927330 |pmc=10624626 |bibcode=2023NatCC..13.1242C }}</ref> ]]
Southeast Asia lags behind on [[climate change mitigation|mitigation measures]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Sagbakken |first2=Haakon Fossum |last3=Chan |first3=Hoy-Yen |last4=Merdekawati |first4=Monika |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Utama |first6=Nuki Agya |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox |journal=Energy and Climate Change |date=December 2021 |volume=2 |page=100019 |doi=10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019|issn=2666-2787 |hdl=11250/2734506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> even though it is one of the most [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable]] regions to [[climate change]] in the world.<ref name="Overland2020">{{Cite book|last=Overland|first=Indra|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312|title=Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier|date=6 November 2017|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065717/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_ASEAN_International_Affairs_Risk_and_Opportunity_Multiplier|url-status=live}}</ref> Climate change has already caused an increase in ''heavy'' [[precipitation]] events (defined as 400&nbsp;mm or more in a day)<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1464}} and greater increases are expected in this region. Changes in rainfall and runoff will also affect the quality of water supply used by the [[irrigation]] systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/41587621-d96e-4aed-8b22-e714bcecd58e|title=Climate Change Impacts - South East Asia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205837/https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/41587621-d96e-4aed-8b22-e714bcecd58e|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Under a high-warming scenario, heat-related deaths in the region could increase by 12.7% by 2100.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1508}} Among the elderly in [[Malaysia]], annual heat-related deaths may go from less than 1 per 100,000 to 45 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/926013/retrieve |title=Climate and Health Country Profile – 2015 Malaysia |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2015 |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref>{{rp|1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-08/15868-WB_Malaysia%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |title=Climate Risk Country Profile: Malaysia (2021) |author1=World Bank Group |author2=Asian Development Bank |date=2021 |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref>{{rp|23}}

[[Sea level rise]] is a serious threat. Along Philippine coasts, it occurs three times faster than the global average,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ines |first=Jezreel |date=2023-07-04 |title=In troubled waters: Rising sea levels threaten sinking town's survival |url=https://www.rappler.com/environment/in-troubled-waters-rising-sea-levels-threaten-sinking-town-survival/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Rappler |language=en-US}}</ref> while 199 out of 514 cities and districts in [[Indonesia]] could be affected by tidal flooding by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=Photos: Where once were mangroves, Javan villages struggle to beat back the sea |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/07/photos-where-once-were-mangroves-javan-villages-struggle-to-beat-back-the-sea/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Bangkok]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]] and [[Jakarta]] are amongst the 20 coastal cities which would have the world's highest annual flood losses in the year 2050.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> Due to [[land subsidence]], Jakarta is [[Flooding in Jakarta|sinking]] so much (up to {{cvt|28|cm|in|frac=2}} per year between 1982 and 2010 in some areas<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abidin |first1=Hasanuddin Z. |last2=Andreas |first2=Heri |last3=Gumilar |first3=Irwan |last4=Fukuda |first4=Yoichi |last5=Pohan |first5=Yusuf E. |last6=Deguchi |first6=T. |title=Land subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its relation with urban development |journal=Natural Hazards |date=11 June 2011 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=1753–1771 |doi=10.1007/s11069-011-9866-9 |bibcode=2011NatHa..59.1753A |s2cid=129557182 }}</ref>) that by 2019, the government had committed to relocate the [[capital of Indonesia]] to another city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/05/03/seas-rise-indonesia-is-moving-its-capital-city-other-cities-should-take-note/|title=As seas rise, Indonesia is moving its capital city. Other cities should take note.|last=Englander|first=John|date=3 May 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref>

Climate change is also likely to pose a serious threat to the region's fisheries:<ref name="Overland2020" /> 
3.35 million fishers in the Southeast Asia are reliant on [[coral reef]]s,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1479}} and yet those reefs are highly vulnerable to even low-emission climate change and will likely be lost if global warming exceeds {{convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}}<ref name="ArmstrongMcKay2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Armstrong McKay |first1=David|last2=Abrams |first2=Jesse |last3=Winkelmann |first3=Ricarda |last4=Sakschewski |first4=Boris |last5=Loriani |first5=Sina |last6=Fetzer |first6=Ingo|last7=Cornell|first7=Sarah |last8=Rockström |first8=Johan |last9=Staal |first9=Arie |last10=Lenton |first10=Timothy |date=9 September 2022 |title=Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn7950 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=377 |issue=6611 |pages=eabn7950 |doi=10.1126/science.abn7950 |pmid=36074831 |hdl=10871/131584 |s2cid=252161375 |issn=0036-8075|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ArmstrongMcKayExplainer">{{Cite web |last=Armstrong McKay |first=David |date=9 September 2022 |title=Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer |url=https://climatetippingpoints.info/2022/09/09/climate-tipping-points-reassessment-explainer/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=climatetippingpoints.info |language=en}}</ref> By 2050–2070, around 30% of the region's aquaculture area and 10-20% of aquaculture production may be lost.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10">Shaw, R., Y. Luo, T. S. Cheong, S. Abdul Halim, S. Chaturvedi, M. Hashizume, G. E. Insarov, Y. Ishikawa, M. Jafari, A. Kitoh, J. Pulhin, C. Singh, K. Vasant, and Z. Zhang, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter10.pdf Chapter 10: Asia]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012.</ref>{{rp|1491}}

[[File:Spreading ridges volcanoes map-en.svg|thumb|Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial [[volcano]]es (mostly at convergent boundaries), with a high density of volcanoes situated in [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].]]