Editing Society (section)

==Characteristics==
=== Norms and roles ===
[[Social norm]]s are shared standards of [[Acceptance|acceptable]] behavior by groups.<ref name="lapinski & rimal">{{cite journal |last1=Lapinski |first1=Maria Knight |last2=Rimal |first2=Rajiv N. |date=May 2005 |title=An Explication of Social Norms |journal=Communication Theory |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=127–147 |doi=10.1093/ct/15.2.127 |issn=1050-3293 |lccn=91660236 |oclc=49374452}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Finnemore |first=Martha |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh |title=National Interests in International Society |date=1996 |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=22–24, 26–27 |isbn=978-0-8014-8323-3 |jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh |lccn=96013991 |oclc=34473682 |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601221422/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh |url-status=live }}</ref> Social norms, which can both be informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society, as well as be codified into [[wiktionary:rule|rules]] and laws,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pristl |first1=Ann-Catrin |last2=Kilian |first2=Sven |last3=Mann |first3=Andreas |date=8 November 2020 |title=When does a social norm catch the worm? Disentangling social normative influences on sustainable consumption behaviour |journal=Journal of Consumer Behaviour |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=635–654 |doi=10.1002/cb.1890 |doi-access=free |issn=1472-0817 |lccn=2005206515 |oclc=49883766 |s2cid=228807152 |s2cid-access=free |url=https://kobra.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/123456789/13036/1/cb_1890.pdf |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429040049/https://kobra.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/123456789/13036/1/cb_1890.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> are powerful drivers of human behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Legro |first=Jeffrey W. |author-link=Jeffrey W. Legro|date=Winter 1997 |title=Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the "Failure" of Internationalism |journal=International Organization |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=31–63 |doi=10.1162/002081897550294 |issn=0020-8183 |jstor=2703951 |lccn=49001752 |s2cid=154368865}}</ref>

[[Social roles]] are norms, [[Duty|duties]], and patterns of behavior that relate to an individual's social status.{{Sfn|Conerly|Holmes|Tamang|2021|p=111}}  In functionalist thought, individuals form the structure of society by occupying social roles.<ref name=":4" />  According to symbolic interactionism, individuals use symbols to navigate and communicate roles.{{Sfn|Conerly|Holmes|Tamang|2021|p=112}} [[Erving Goffman]] used the metaphor of a theater to develop the [[Dramaturgy (sociology)|dramaturgical lens]], which argues that roles provide scripts that govern social interactions.{{Sfn|Conerly|Holmes|Tamang|2021|p=112}}

=== Gender and kinship ===
{{main|Gender|Gender role|Kinship}}
[[File:Donkey-drawn cart in Aswan 2019 with a man and three children.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption |Egyptian family riding on a donkey-drawn cart in 2019.  Familial relationships are one of the most important organizing principles in many societies.]]
The division of humans into male and female gender roles has been marked culturally by a corresponding division of norms, [[practice (social theory)|practices]], [[clothing|dress]], [[social behavior|behavior]], rights, duties, [[Privilege (social inequality)|privileges]], [[social status|status]], and [[power (social and political)|power]]. Some argue that gender roles arise naturally from [[Sexual dimorphism|sex differences]], which lead to a division of labor where women take on [[reproductive labor]] and other domestic roles.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ridgeway |first=Cecilia L. |author-link=Cecilia L. Ridgeway |editor-last1=Smelser |editor-first1=Neil J. |editor1-link=Neil Smelser |editor-last2=Baltes |editor-first2=Paul B. |editor2-link=Paul Baltes |title=Small Group Interaction and Gender |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |year=2001 |volume=21 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Elsevier|Elsevier Science]] |pages=14185–14189 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03999-1 |isbn=0-08-043076-7 |lccn=2001044791 |oclc=47869490}}</ref> Gender roles have varied historically, and challenges to predominant gender norms have recurred in many societies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alters |first1=Sandra |last2=Schiff |first2=Wendy |year=2011 |title=Essential Concepts for Healthy Living |publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Publishers]] |edition=Updated 5th |page=143 |isbn=978-0-7637-8975-6 |lccn=2009053267 |oclc=496282269}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fortin |first=Nicole M. |author-link1=Nicole Fortin |year=2005 |title=Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour-market Outcomes of Women across OECD Countries |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=416–438 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/gri024 |lccn=92648878 |oclc=39193155}}</ref>

All human societies organize, recognize and classify types of social relationships based on relations between parents, children and other descendants ([[consanguinity]]), and relations through marriage ([[Affinity (law)|affinity]]). There is also a third type of familial relationship applied to godparents or [[Adoption|adoptive children]] ([[Fictive kinship|fictive]]). These culturally defined relationships are referred to as kinship. In many societies, it is one of the most important social organizing principles and plays a role in transmitting status and [[inheritance]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Susan D. |author-link=Susan D. Gillespie |editor-last1=Joyce |editor-first1=Rosemary A. |editor-last2=Gillespie |editor-first2=Susan D. |year=2000 |chapter=Beyond Kinship: An Introduction |title=Beyond Kinship: Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=0-8122-3547-9 |lccn=00021501 |oclc=43434760 |pages=1–21}}</ref>&nbsp;All societies have rules of [[incest taboo]], according to which marriage between certain kinds of kin relations are prohibited; and some societies also have rules of preferential marriage with certain other kin relations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Itao |first1=Kenji |last2=Kaneko |first2=Kunihiko |date=4 February 2020 |title=Evolution of kinship structures driven by marriage tie and competition |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=117 |issue=5 |pages=2378–2384 |pmc=7007516 |pmid=31964846 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1917716117 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020PNAS..117.2378I}}</ref>

===Ethnicity===
{{main|Ethnicity}}
Human ethnic groups are a social category that [[Identity (social science)|identify]] together as a group based on shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. These shared attributes can be a common set of traditions, [[ancestry]], [[language]], history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area.<ref name=":04">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Kanchan |author-link=Kanchan Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=What is Ethnic Identity? A Minimalist Definition |title=Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=69–70 |isbn=978-0-19-989315-7 |lccn=2012006989 |oclc=779097212}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Peoples |first1=James |last2=Bailey |first2=Garrick |year=2012 |title=Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology |publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage Learning |edition=9th |page=389 |isbn=978-1-111-34956-1 |lccn=2010936947 |oclc=698482450 |quote="In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's ancestors' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups."}}</ref> There is no generally accepted definition of what constitutes an ethnic group,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chandra |first=Kanchan |author-link=Kanchan Chandra |date=15 June 2006 |title=What is Ethnic Identity and Does It Matter? |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |language=en |volume=9 |pages=397–424 |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170715 |doi-access=free |issn=1094-2939 |lccn=98643699 |oclc=37047805}}</ref> and humans have evolved the ability to change affiliation with social groups relatively easily, including leaving groups with previously strong alliances, if doing so is seen as providing personal advantages.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cronk |first1=Lee |last2=Leech |first2=Beth L. |url=https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/human-evolution-politics/ |date=20 September 2017 |title=How Did Humans Get So Good at Politics? |website=Sapiens Anthropology Magazine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807003627/https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/human-evolution-politics/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> Ethnicity is separate from the concept of [[Race (human categorization)|race]], which is based on physical characteristics, although both are [[Social constructionism|socially constructed]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Blackmore |first=Erin |date=22 February 2019 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/race-ethnicity/ |title=Race and ethnicity: How are they different? |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=en |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022013516/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/race-ethnicity/ |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref> Assigning ethnicity to a certain population is complicated, as even within common ethnic designations there can be a diverse range of subgroups, and the makeup of these ethnic groups can change over time at both the collective and individual level.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group)) |title=The Use of Racial, Ethnic, and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=519–532 |date=October 2005 |doi=10.1086/491747 |pmc=1275602 |pmid=16175499}}</ref> Ethnic groupings can play a powerful role in the [[social identity]] and [[solidarity]] of ethnopolitical units. Ethnic identity has been closely tied to the rise of the [[nation state]] as the predominant form of political organization in the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Anthony D. |year=1999 |title=Myths and Memories of the Nation |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=4–7 |isbn=978-0-19-829534-1 |oclc=41641377}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Banton |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Banton |date=24 January 2007 |title=Max Weber on 'ethnic communities': a critique |journal=[[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00271.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Anthony D. |editor-last1=Delanty |editor-first1=Gerard |editor1-link=Gerard Delanty |editor-last2=Kumar |editor-first2=Krishan |editor2-link=Krishan Kumar (sociologist) |year=2006 |chapter=Ethnicity and Nationalism |title=The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |publication-place=London |page=171 |isbn=1-4129-0101-4 |lccn=2005936296 |oclc=64555613}}</ref>

=== Government and politics ===
{{Main|Government|Politics}}
[[File:United Nations Headquarters in New York City, view from Roosevelt Island.jpg|thumb|right|alt=refer to caption |The [[United Nations headquarters]] in New York City, which houses one of the world's largest political organizations]]
Governments create laws and [[policies]] that affect the people that they govern. There have been [[List of forms of government|many forms of government]] throughout human history, with various ways of allocating power, and with different levels and means of control over the population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=J. Frank |editor-last1=Sekiguchi |editor-last2=Masashi |date=2010 |orig-date=2009 |chapter=Forms and Models of Government |title=Government and Politics |volume=1 |publisher=Eolss Publishers |publication-place=United Kingdom |pages=30–48 |isbn=978-1-84826-969-9 |oclc=938309332}}</ref> In early history, distribution of political power was determined by the availability of [[fresh water]], [[Soil fertility|fertile soil]], and [[temperate climate]] of different locations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holslag |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Holslag |year=2018 |title=A Political History of the World: Three Thousand Years of War and Peace |pages=24–25|publisher=Penguin Books, Limited |isbn=978-0-241-35204-5 |lccn=2018487155 |oclc=1066747142}}</ref> As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between different groups increased, leading to the further development of governance within and between communities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Christian |first=David |year=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/mapsoftimeintrod00chri |title=Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |page=284 |isbn=978-0-520-24476-4 |lccn=2003012764 |oclc=52458844 |url-access=registration |quote=Where productivity increased and populations grew, farming communities and technologies spread into regions that had been only thinly populated before, thereby laying the foundations for new regions of agrarian civilization.}}</ref>

{{As of|2022}}, according to ''[[The Economist]]'', 43% of national governments were [[Democracy|democracies]], 35% [[Autocracy|autocracies]], and 22% containing elements of both.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine |url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf |website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]] |page=3 |url-status=live |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330123307/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> Many countries have formed [[Intergovernmental organization|international political organizations]] and alliances, the largest being the United Nations with 193 member states.<ref>{{cite web |editor-last1=Evers |editor-first1=Jeanne |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/international-organization/ |title=International Organization |website=[[National Geographic]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211044654/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/international-organization/ |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mingst |first1=Karen A. |last2=Karns |first2=Margaret P. |last3=Lyon |first3=Alynna J. |year=2022 |chapter=The United Nations in World Politics |pages=1–20 |title=The United Nations in the 21st Century |edition=6th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |doi=10.4324/9781003038269-1 |isbn=978-1-003-03826-9 |lccn=2021042389 |oclc=1284920072}}</ref>

===Trade and economics===
{{Main|Trade|Economics}}
[[File:Silk_Road_in_the_I_century_AD_-_en.svg|thumb|250x250px|alt=A map depicting the Silk Road and relevant trade routes |Long-distance spice trade routes along the [[Silk Road]] (green) and other routes (red) circa 1st century AD]]
Trade, the voluntary exchange of goods and services, has long been an aspect of human societies, and it is seen as a characteristic that differentiates humans from other animals.<ref name="JEBO">{{cite journal |last1=Horan |first1=Richard D. |last2=Bulte |first2=Erwin |last3=Shogren |first3=Jason F. |date=September 2005 |title=How trade saved humanity from biological exclusion: an economic theory of Neanderthal extinction |journal=[[Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization]] |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2004.03.009 |issn=0167-2681 |lccn=81644042 |oclc=6974696}}</ref> Trade has even been cited as a practice that gave ''Homo sapiens'' a major advantage over other hominids; evidence suggests early ''H. sapiens'' made use of long-distance trade routes to exchange goods and ideas, leading to [[cultural explosion]]s and providing additional food sources when hunting was sparse. Such trade networks did not exist for the now-extinct [[Neanderthal]]s.<ref name="JEBO"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Gibbons |first=John |date=11 August 2015 |url=https://insider.si.edu/2015/08/why-did-neanderthals-go-extinct/ |title=Why did Neanderthals go extinct? |website=[[Smithsonian]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021755/https://insider.si.edu/2015/08/why-did-neanderthals-go-extinct/ |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=13 January 2024 }}</ref> Early trade involved materials for creating tools, like [[obsidian]], exchanged over short distances.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Gosch |editor-first1=Stephen S. |editor-last2=Stearns |editor-first2=Peter N. |editor2-link=Peter Stearns |year=2008 |chapter=Beginnings to 1000 BCE |title=Premodern Travel in World History |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=7–9 |isbn=978-0-415-22940-1 |lccn=2007004687 |oclc=82286698}}</ref> In contrast, throughout antiquity and the medieval period, some of the most influential long-distance routes carried food and luxury goods, such as the [[spice trade]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Henriques |first=Martha |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/made-on-earth/the-flavours-that-shaped-the-world/ |title=How spices changed the ancient world |website=[[BBC]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075428/https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/made-on-earth/the-flavours-that-shaped-the-world/ |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref>

Early human [[Economy|economies]] were more likely to be based around [[Gift economy|gift giving]] than a [[barter]]ing system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Strauss |first=Ilana E. |date=26 February 2016 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/02/barter-society-myth/471051/ |title=The Myth of the Barter Economy |website=The Atlantic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215153209/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/02/barter-society-myth/471051/ |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref> Early money consisted of [[Commodity money|commodities]]; the oldest being in the form of cattle and the most widely used being [[cowrie shells]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Semenova |first=Alla |date=14 April 2011 |title=Would You Barter with God? Why Holy Debts and Not Profane Markets Created Money |journal=[[American Journal of Economics and Sociology]] |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=376–400 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.2011.00779.x |issn=0002-9246 |eissn=1536-7150 |lccn=45042294 |oclc=1480136}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Yang |first=Bin |date=March 2011 |title=The Rise and Fall of Cowrie Shells: The Asian Story |journal=[[Journal of World History]] |publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |issn=1045-6007 |eissn=1527-8050 |jstor=23011676 |lccn=90640778 |oclc=20155374}}</ref> Money has since evolved into governmental issued [[coins]], [[Paper money|paper]] and [[electronic money]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chown |first=John F. |author-link=John Chown |year=1994 |title=A History of Money: From AD 800 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-10279-0 |lccn=93031293 |oclc=28708022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Evans |first=David S. |date=24 January 2005 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=653382 |title=The Growth and Diffusion of Credit Cards in Society |journal=Payment Card Economics Review |volume=2 |pages=59–76 |ssrn=653382 |issn=1946-4983 |lccn=2004240967 |oclc=54674679 |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114070303/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=653382 |url-status=live }}</ref> Human study of economics is a [[social science]] that looks at how societies distribute scarce resources among different people.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2000 |url=https://www.frbsf.org/education/publications/doctor-econ/2000/july/economics-economists/ |title=Why do we need economists and the study of economics? |website=[[Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023941/https://www.frbsf.org/education/publications/doctor-econ/2000/july/economics-economists/ |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref> There are massive [[Economic inequality|inequalities]] in the division of wealth among humans; as of 2018 in China, Europe, and the United States, the richest tenth of humans hold more than seven-tenths of those regions' total wealth.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zucman |first=Gabriel |author-link=Gabriel Zucman |year=2019 |title=Global Wealth Inequality |journal=Annual Review of Economics |volume=11 |pages=124–128 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-025852 |eissn=1941-1391 |lccn=2008214322 |oclc=190859329}}</ref>

===Conflict===
{{See also|War|Violence}}
[[File:Napoleons retreat from moscow.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption |[[Napoleon]]'s retreat after [[French invasion of Russia|his failed invasion of Russia]] in 1812 (oil painting by [[Adolph Northen]], 1851)]]
The willingness of humans to kill other members of their species ''en masse'' through organized conflict (i.e. war) has long been the subject of debate. One school of thought is that war evolved as a means to eliminate competitors, and that violence is an innate human characteristic. Humans commit violence against other humans at a rate comparable to other primates (although humans kill adults at a relatively high rate and have a relatively low rate of [[Infanticide (zoology)|infanticide]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=Yong |first=Ed |date=28 September 2016 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/09/humans-are-unusually-violent-mammals-but-averagely-violent-primates/501935/ |title=Humans: Unusually Murderous Mammals, Typically Murderous Primates |website=The Atlantic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121602/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/09/humans-are-unusually-violent-mammals-but-averagely-violent-primates/501935/ |archive-date=7 May 2021 |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref>

Another school of thought suggests that war is a relatively recent phenomenon and appeared due to changing social conditions.<ref name="Ferguson">{{cite web |last=Ferguson |first=R. Brian |date=1 September 2018 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/war-is-not-part-of-human-nature/ |title=War Is Not Part of Human Nature |website=Scientific American |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130124940/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/war-is-not-part-of-human-nature/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> While not settled, the current evidence suggests warlike behavior only became common about 10,000 years ago, and in many regions even more recently.<ref name="Ferguson"/>

Phylogenetic analysis predicts 2% of human deaths to be caused by homicide, which approximately matches the rate of homicide in band societies.<ref name="Gomez">{{cite journal |last1=Gómez |first1=José María |last2=Verdú |first2=Miguel |last3=González-Megías |first3=Adela |last4=Méndez |first4=Marcos |date=October 2016 |title=The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence |journal=Nature |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..233G |doi=10.1038/nature19758 |issn=1476-4687 |lccn=2005233250 |oclc=47076528 |pmid=27680701 |s2cid=4454927}}</ref> However, rates of violence vary widely according to societal norms,<ref name="Gomez" /><ref name="Pagel">{{cite journal |last=Pagel |first=Mark |date=October 2016 |url=https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/67361/1/Pagel%20N%26V%20on%20Gomez%20et%20al.pdf |title=Animal behaviour: Lethal violence deep in the human lineage |journal=Nature |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=180–181 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..180P |doi=10.1038/nature19474 |issn=1476-4687 |lccn=2005233250 |oclc=47076528 |pmid=27680700 |s2cid=4459560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520203015/https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/67361/1/Pagel%20N%26V%20on%20Gomez%20et%20al.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> and rates of homicide in societies that have [[legal systems]] and strong cultural attitudes against violence stand at about 0.01%.<ref name="Pagel"/>