Editing Slovenia (section)

=== Biodiversity ===
[[File:P anguinus2.jpg|thumb|[[Olm]] can be found in the [[Postojna cave]] and other caves in the country.]]
Slovenia signed the Rio [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] on 13 June 1992 and became a party to the convention on 9 July 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/ |title=List of Parties |access-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> It subsequently produced a [[Biodiversity action plan|National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan]], which was received by the convention on 30 May 2002.

Slovenia is distinguished by an exceptionally wide variety of habitats,<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.sycp.si/Portals/0/Files/filebroker.aspx@id=6237.pdf |chapter=Characteristics of Biological and Landscape Diversity in Slovenia |title=Biological and Landscape Diversity in Slovenia: An Overview |publisher=Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning |year=2001 |editor=Hlad, Branka |editor2=Skoberne, Peter |page=IX |isbn=961-6324-17-9 |place=Ljubljana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125091811/http://www.sycp.si/Portals/0/Files/filebroker.aspx%40id%3D6237.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> due to the contact of geological units and biogeographical regions, and due to human influences. The country is home to four terrestrial ecoregions: [[Dinaric Mountains mixed forests]], [[Pannonian mixed forests]], [[Alps conifer and mixed forests]], and [[Illyrian deciduous forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> Around 12.5% of the territory is protected with 35.5% in the [[Natura 2000]] ecological network.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=4713 |title=European Day of Parks 2012 |work=News |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213170459/http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=4713 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite this, because of pollution and environmental degradation, diversity has been in decline. Slovenia had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 3.78/10, ranking it 140th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Animals====
The [[biodiversity|biological diversity]] of the country is high, with 1% of the world's organisms on 0.004% of the Earth's surface area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slovenia.info/en/Did-you-know%E2%80%A6.htm?ali_ste_vedeli=0&lng=2 |title=Did you know... – Slovenia – Official Travel Guide |publisher=Slovenia.info |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129023936/http://www.slovenia.info/en/Did-you-know%E2%80%A6.htm?ali_ste_vedeli=0&lng=2 |archive-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are 75 mammal species, among them [[marmot]]s, [[Alpine ibex]], and [[chamois]]. There are numerous [[deer]], [[roe deer]], [[boar]], and [[hare]]s.<ref name="NFPRes">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.letogozdov.si/knjiznica/doc_download/6-resolution-on-national-forest-programme |title=Resolution on National Forest Programme |chapter=Habitats of wild game in Slovenia, guidelines and conditions for the preservation and protection of wild game and their habitats, and provision of coexistence with humans |pages=87–104 |editor=Perko, Franc |publisher=Federation of Forest Associations of Slovenia. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, Slovenia |year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010408/http://www.letogozdov.si/knjiznica/doc_download/6-resolution-on-national-forest-programme |archive-date=8 September 2012 }}</ref> The [[edible dormouse]] is often found in the Slovenian beech forests. Trapping these animals is a long tradition and is part of Slovenian national identity.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/89983 |title=Dormouse Hunting as Part of Slovene National Identity |first=Magda |last=Peršak |journal=Natura Croatica |volume=7 |issue=3 |date=30 September 1998 |pages=199–211 |issn=1330-0520 |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612125615/http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/89983 |archive-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Some important carnivores include the [[Eurasian lynx]],<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.mop.gov.si/fileadmin/mop.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocja/velike_zveri/strategija_ris_2016_2026.pdf |chapter=Ris v Sloveniji (Lynx in Slovenia) |title=Strategija ohranjanja in trajnostnega upravljanja navadnega risa (Lynx lynx) v Sloveniji 2016–2026 |year=2016 |page=7 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, Government of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014101131/http://www.mop.gov.si/fileadmin/mop.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocja/velike_zveri/strategija_ris_2016_2026.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.delo.si/novice/okolje/risom-v-sloveniji-se-obeta-svetlejsa-prihodnost.html |title=Risom v Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem se obeta svetlejša prihodnost |language=sl |date=14 April 2017 |newspaper=Delo.si}}</ref> [[European wild cat]]s, foxes (especially the [[red fox]]), and [[European jackal]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://web.bf.uni-lj.si/bi/NATURA-SLOVENIAE/pdf/NatSlo_11_1_4.pdf |title=Confirmed presence of territorial groups of golden jackals (''Canis aureus'') in Slovenia |first=Miha |last=Krofel |journal=Natura Sloveniae: Journal of Field Biology |issn=1580-0814 |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=65–68 |publisher=Association for Technical Culture of Slovenia |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195508/http://web.bf.uni-lj.si/bi/NATURA-SLOVENIAE/pdf/NatSlo_11_1_4.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are [[hedgehog]]s, [[marten]]s, and snakes such as [[Viperinae|vipers]] and [[grass snake]]s. According to recent estimates, Slovenia has c.&nbsp;40–60 [[Gray wolf|wolves]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://notranjskoprimorske.si/2017/03/pri-nas-zivi-okoli-52-volkov-vecina-na-notranjskem-in-kocevskem/ |title=Pri nas živi okoli 52 volkov, večina na Notranjskem in Kočevskem |language=sl |date=14 March 2017 |first=Petra |last=Trček |newspaper=Notranjskoprimorske novice |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002209/http://notranjskoprimorske.si/2017/03/pri-nas-zivi-okoli-52-volkov-vecina-na-notranjskem-in-kocevskem/ |archive-date=15 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and about 450 [[brown bear]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.finance.si/?MOD=show&id=324600&pay=yes&snark=22d772d879d45bf274fe9b5b82d794f5 |title=Koliko medvedov živi v Sloveniji? |publisher=Finance.si |language=sl |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817025254/http://www.finance.si/?MOD=show&id=324600&pay=yes&snark=22d772d879d45bf274fe9b5b82d794f5 |archive-date=17 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnevnik.si/tiskane_izdaje/dnevnik/1042503131 |title=Medveda znamo držati nazaj, volka še ne |newspaper=Dnevnik |language=sl |publisher=Dnevnik, d. d. |date=18 January 2012}}</ref>

Slovenia is home to an exceptionally diverse number of cave species, with a few tens of [[Endemism|endemic species]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.sycp.si/Portals/0/Files/filebroker.aspx@id=6237.pdf |chapter=Karst and Subterranean Habitats |title=Biological and Landscape Diversity in Slovenia: An Overview |publisher=Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning |year=2001 |editor=Hlad, Branka |editor2=Skoberne, Peter |page=50 |isbn=961-6324-17-9 |place=Ljubljana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125091811/http://www.sycp.si/Portals/0/Files/filebroker.aspx%40id%3D6237.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> Among the cave vertebrates, the only known one is the [[olm]], living in Karst, Lower Carniola, and White Carniola.

The only regular species of [[cetacea]]ns found in the northern Adriatic sea is the [[bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatus'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morigenos.org/index.php?path=Delfini_pri_nas |title=Delfini pri nas |publisher=Morigenos |access-date=6 April 2006 |language=sl}}</ref>

There are a wide variety of birds, such as the [[tawny owl]], the [[long-eared owl]], the [[eagle owl]], [[hawk]]s, and [[short-toed eagle]]s. Other birds of prey have been recorded, as well as a growing number of ravens, [[crow]]s and [[magpie]]s migrating into Ljubljana and Maribor where they thrive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vecer.com/clanek2010020905510240 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205113152/http://www.vecer.com/clanek2010020905510240 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2013 |title=Puška poči, vrana pade. Koliko jih še sedi? |publisher=Vecer.Com |date=9 February 2010 |access-date=2 June 2012 }}</ref> Other birds include [[Black woodpecker|black]] and [[European green woodpecker|green]] [[woodpecker]]s and the [[white stork]], which nests mainly in [[Prekmurje]].
[[File:Lipica horses (7198987762).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Modern [[Lipizzaner]] grazing]]

There are 13 domestic animals native to Slovenia,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.genska-banka.si/fileadmin/uploads/Strokovni_svet_JSNGBZ/Letni_program_2011.pdf |title=Program varstva biotske raznovrstnosti v živinoreji: program za leto 2011 |language=sl |author=Kompan, Dragomir |date=May 2011 |publisher=Oddelek za zootehniko, Biotehniška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani [Department of Zootechnics, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana] |display-authors=etal |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100113/http://www.genska-banka.si/fileadmin/uploads/Strokovni_svet_JSNGBZ/Letni_program_2011.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> of eight species (hen, pig, dog, horse, sheep, goat, honey bee, and cattle).<ref name="Meglič2003">{{cite book |url=http://www.mop.gov.si/fileadmin/mop.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocja/okolje/pdf/ocena_genski_viri_kmet_rast.pdf |language=sl |title=Ocena pogojev in mehanizmov za ex-situ varstvo genskih virov kmetijskih rastlin, genskih bank v gozdarstvu in živinoreji |chapter=Opis obstoječih zbirk |trans-chapter=Description of Extant Collections |first1=Vladimir |last1=Meglič |first2=Hojka |last2=Kraigher |first3=Peter |last3=Dovč |editor=Meglič, Vladimir |year=2003 |page=17 |id={{COBISS|ID=1184678}} |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Space, Republic of Slovenia |access-date=16 March 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Among these are the [[Karst Shepherd]],<ref name="FCI2009doc">{{cite web |url=http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/278gb2001_en.doc |title=Brief Historical Summary, breed standard (DOC file) |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620191656/http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/278gb2001_en.doc |archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref> the [[Carniolan honeybee]], and the [[Lipizzan]] horse.<ref name="Meglič2003"/> The [[marble trout]] or marmorata (''Salmo marmoratus'') is an indigenous Slovenian fish.<ref name="Balkan Trout Restoration Group">{{cite web |title= Marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) |url= http://www.balkan-trout.com/studied_taxa_7_marble_trout.htm |publisher= balkan-trout.com, Balkan Trout Restoration Group |access-date= 10 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181806/http://www.balkan-trout.com/studied_taxa_7_marble_trout.htm |archive-date= 23 September 2015 |url-status= usurped }}</ref> Extensive breeding programmes have been introduced to repopulate the marble trout into lakes and streams invaded by non-indigenous species of [[trout]]. Slovenia is also home to the [[wels catfish]].

More than 2,400 fungal species have been recorded from Slovenia<ref>Dušan Jurc, Andrej Piltaver & Nikica Ogris. ''Glive Slovenije – Fungi of Slovenia'' (Ljubljana, 2005). 497 pp.</ref> and, since that figure does not include lichen-forming fungi, the total number of Slovenian fungi already known is undoubtedly much higher. Many more remain to be discovered.

Slovenia is the third most-forested country in Europe,<ref>{{cite web|author=Golob A.|title=Forests and forestry in Slovenia|url=http://www.zgs.gov.si/eng/slovenian-forests/forests-in-slovenia/forestation-and-variety-of-forests/index.html|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]|access-date=7 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325234109/http://www.zgs.gov.si/eng/slovenian-forests/forests-in-slovenia/forestation-and-variety-of-forests/index.html|archive-date=25 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> with 58.3% of the territory covered by forests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/News/Index/6963 |title=In 2016, forest covered 58.3% of Slovenia |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |date=27 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226070254/https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/News/Index/6963 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The forests are an important natural resource, and logging is kept to a minimum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SLOVENIA|url=http://www.fao.org/3/w3722E/w3722e25.htm|access-date=28 June 2021|website=www.fao.org}}</ref> In the interior of the country are typical Central European forests, predominantly [[oak]] and [[beech]]. In the mountains, [[spruce]], [[fir]], and [[pine]] are more common. Pine trees grow on the [[Karst Plateau]], although only one-third of the region is covered by pine forest. The [[tilia|lime/linden]] tree, common in Slovenian forests, is a national symbol. The [[tree line]] is at {{convert|1700|to|1,800|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/fakulteta/zalozbainknjigarna/knjigarna/prelistaj.asp?katera=619&stran=11 |author=Lovrenčak, Franc |year=2007 |title=Zgornja gozdna meja slovenskih Alp, visokih kraških planot in Prokletij |publisher=Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana |isbn=978-961-6648-11-0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522205612/http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/fakulteta/zalozbainknjigarna/knjigarna/prelistaj.asp?katera=619&stran=11 |archive-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref>

In the Alps, flowers such as ''[[Daphne blagayana]]'', [[gentian]]s (''[[Gentiana clusii]]'', ''[[Gentiana froelichii]]''), ''[[Primula auricula]]'', [[Leontopodium alpinum|edelweiss]] (the symbol of Slovene mountaineering), ''[[Cypripedium calceolus]]'', ''[[Fritillaria meleagris]]'' (snake's head fritillary), and ''[[Pulsatilla grandis]]'' are found.

Slovenia harbors many plants of [[Ethnobotany|ethnobotanically]] useful groups. Of 59 known species of ethnobotanical importance, some species such as ''[[Aconitum napellus]]'', ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' and ''[[Taxus baccata]]'' are restricted for use as per the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia.<ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Kala | first1 = C.P. | last2 = Ratajc | first2 = P. | s2cid = 13911329 | author-link = Chandra Prakash Kala | year=2012|title=High altitude biodiversity of the Alps and the Himalayas: ethnobotany, plant distribution and conservation perspectives| journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 1115–1126 | doi = 10.1007/s10531-012-0246-x | bibcode = 2012BiCon..21.1115K | url = https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?id=36874&dn= }}</ref>