Editing Sabbath in Christianity (section)

==First-day sabbatarian churches and organizations==
{{Main|Sabbatarianism#Sunday Sabbatarians}}
The observance of the Lord's Day (Sunday) as the Christian Sabbath is known as first-day Sabbatarianism and this view was historically heralded by [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] denominations, such as [[Congregationalists]], [[Presbyterians]], [[Methodists]], and [[Baptists]], as well as many [[Episcopalians]].<ref name="Roth2002">{{cite book|last=Roth|first=Randolph A.|title=The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791-1850|date=25 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-521-31773-3|page=171|quote=Except for the strong support of Episcopalians in Windsor and Woodstock, the Sabbatarians found their appeal limited almost exclusively to Congregationalists and Presbyterians, some of whom did not fear state action on religious matters of interdenominational concern.}}</ref><ref name="Heyck2013">{{cite book|last=Heyck|first=Thomas|title=A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From 1688 to 1914|date=27 September 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|language=en|isbn=978-1-134-41520-5|page=251|quote=Yet the degree of overlap between the middle class and nonconformity-Baptists, Congregregationalists, Wesleyan Methodists, Quakers, Presbyterians, and Unitarians-was substantial. ... Most nonconformist denominations ...frowned on drink, dancing, and the theater, and they promoted Sabbatarianism (the policy of prohibiting trade and public recreation on Sundays). }}</ref><ref name="Vugt2006">{{cite book|last=Vugt|first=William E. Van|title=British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700-1900|year=2006|publisher=Kent State University Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-87338-843-6|page=55|quote=As predominantly Methodists and other nonconformists, British immigrants were pietists, committed to conversion and the reform of society. They did not separate religion from civil government, bur rather integrated right belief with right behavior. Therefore they embraced reform movements, most notably temperance and abolitionism, as well as Sabbatarian laws.}}</ref><ref name="O'BrienCarey2016">{{cite book|last1=O'Brien|first1=Glen|title=Methodism in Australia: A History|last2=Carey|first2=Hilary M.|date=3 March 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-09709-9|page=83|language=en|quote=Sabbatarianism: For the non-Anglican Protestants of colonial Queensland (Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Baptists), desecration of the Sabbath was one of the great sins of the late nineteenth century.|author-link2=Hilary Carey}}</ref> First-day sabbatarianism impacted popular Western Christian culture, with influences remaining to the present day, e.g. [[Sunday laws]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watts|first1=Michael R.|title=The Dissenters: Volume III: The Crisis and Conscience of Nonconformity, Volume 3|date=March 19, 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-822969-8|pages=156–160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF65BgAAQBAJ&q=sabbatarianism&pg=PP1}}</ref> 
[[File:The Sabbath Breakers.jpg|thumb|275px|''The Sabbath Breakers'' by [[John Charles Dollman|J.C. Dollman]] (1896)]]
Organizations that promote Sunday Sabbatarianism include [[Day One Christian Ministries]] (formerly known as the Lord's Day Observance Society) in the UK. With unwavering support by mainstream Christian denominations, Sabbatarian organizations were formed, such as the American Sabbath Union (also known as the [[Lord's Day Alliance]]) and the Sunday League of America, following the [[American Civil War]], to preserve the importance of Sunday as the Christian Sabbath.<ref name="Tucker2011"/> Founded in 1888, the Lord's Day Alliance continues to "encourage all people to recognize and observe a day of Sabbath rest and to worship the risen Lord Jesus Christ, on the Lord's Day, Sunday".<ref name="LDA2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.ldausa.org/lda/about/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211152241/http://www.ldausa.org/lda/about/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 11, 2013|title=About|year=2017|publisher=The Lord's Day Alliance of the U.S.|language=en|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> The Board of Managers of the Lord's Day Alliance is composed of clergy and laity from Christian churches, including Baptist, Catholic, Episcopalian, Friends, Lutheran, Methodist, Non-Denominationalist, Orthodox, Presbyterian, and Reformed traditions.<ref name="LDA2017"/> The [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] also supports Sabbatarian views and worked to reflect these in the public sphere.<ref name="Vincent1994">{{cite book|last=Vincent|first=Ted|title=The Rise and Fall of American Sport: Mudville's Revenge|year=1994|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-8032-9613-8|page=115}}</ref> In Canada, the Lord's Day Alliance (renamed the People for Sunday Association of Canada) was founded there and it lobbied successfully to pass in 1906 the Lord's Day Act, which was not repealed until 1985.<ref name="Darrow2005">{{cite book|last=Darrow|first=Clarence|title=Closing Arguments: Clarence Darrow on Religion, Law, and Society|year=2005|publisher=Ohio University Press|language=en |isbn=978-0-8214-1632-7|page=39}}</ref> Throughout their history, Sabbatarian organizations, such as the Lord's Day Alliance, have mounted campaigns, with support in both Canada and Britain from labour unions with the goals of preventing secular and commercial interests from hampering freedom of worship and preventing them from exploiting workers.<ref name="FahlbuschBromiley2005">{{cite book|last1=Fahlbusch|first1=Erwin|last2=Bromiley|first2=Geoffrey William|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|year=2005|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/787 787]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/787}}</ref>

The founder of the [[Moody Bible Institute]] declared, "Sabbath was binding in Eden, and it has been in force ever since. This fourth commandment begins with the word 'remember,' showing that the Sabbath already existed when God wrote the law on the tables of stone at Sinai. How can men claim that this one commandment has been done away with when they will admit that the other nine are still binding?"<ref>D.L. MOODY, "Weighed and Wanting," page 47</ref>

=== Presbyterian, Congregationalist and Reformed Baptist ===
The [[Westminster Confession]], historically upheld by [[Presbyterians]], commands the belief of first-day Sabbatarian doctrine:<ref name="Wigley1980">{{cite book|last=Wigley|first=John|title=The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Sunday|year=1980|publisher=Manchester University Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-7190-0794-1|page=800|quote=Following the formulation of the Westminster Confession, fully fledged Sabbatarianism quickly took root too, being embodied in an Act of 1661, then spreading northwards and westwards as the Highlands were opened up after the '45, during which time the doctrine  lost its original force and vigour in the Lowlands.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofvictor0000wigl}}</ref>
{{blockquote|As it is the law of nature, that, in general, a due proportion of time be set apart for the worship of God; so, in his Word, by a positive, moral, and perpetual commandment binding all men in all ages, he hath particularly appointed one day in seven, for a Sabbath, to be kept holy unto him: which, from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ, was the last day of the week; and, from the resurrection of Christ, was changed into the first day of the week, which, in Scripture, is called the Lord's day, and is to be continued to the end of the world, as the Christian Sabbath.<br />This Sabbath is then kept holy unto the Lord, when men, after a due preparing of their hearts, and ordering of their common affairs beforehand, do not only observe a holy rest, all the day, from their own works, words, and thoughts about their worldly employments and recreations, but also are taken up, the whole time, in the public and private exercises of his worship, and in the duties of necessity and mercy.}}
The [[Savoy Declaration]], upheld by Puritan [[Congregationalists]],<ref name="McGraw2014">{{cite book|last=McGraw|first=Ryan M.|title=A Heavenly Directory: Trinitarian Piety, Public Worship and a Reassessment of John Owen's Theology|date=18 June 2014|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|language=en|isbn=978-3-525-55075-5|pages=23–24}}</ref> as well as the [[Second London Baptist Confession]], upheld by [[Reformed Baptists]], advanced first-day Sabbatarian views identical to those expressed in the Westminster Confession.<ref name="Smither2014">{{cite book|last=Smither|first=Edward L.|title=Rethinking Constantine: History, Theology and Legacy|date=25 September 2014|publisher=James Clarke & Co|language=en|isbn=978-0-227-90272-1|page=121|quote=Many Baptists have insisted upon the observance of Sunday as the Christian Sabbath, as a day of rest from "secular" work. For example, the Lord's Day article from the Westminster Confession (and its insistence upon Sunday rest) was transferred almost word-for-word into the Second London Baptist Confession of 1689.}}</ref>

=== General Baptist ===
[[General Baptists]] also advocate last-day Sabbatarian doctrine in their confessions of faith; for example, the [[Treatise on the Faith and Practice of the Free Will Baptists]] states:<ref name="2014Smither">{{cite book|last=Smither|first=Edward L.|title=Rethinking Constantine: History, Theology and Legacy|date=25 September 2014|publisher=James Clarke & Co|language=en|isbn=978-0-227-90272-1|page=121}}</ref>
{{blockquote|This is one day in seven, which from the creation of the world God has set apart for sacred rest and holy service. Under the former dispensation, the seventh day of the week, as commemorative of the work of creation, was set apart for the Lord's Day. Under the gospel, the last day of the week, in commemoration of the resurrection of Christ, and by authority of Christ and the apostles, is observed as the Christian Sabbath. On this day all men are required to refrain from secular labor and devote themselves to the worship and service of God.<ref name="2014Smither"/>}}

=== Quaker ===
The [[Richmond Declaration]], a [[confession of faith]] held by the Orthodox branch of the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakerism), teaches with regard to the First Day of the Week:<ref name="Richmond2008"/>
{{blockquote|Whilst the remembrance of our Creator ought to be at all times present with the Christian, we would express our thankfulness to our Heavenly Father that He has been pleased to honor the setting apart of one day in seven for the purposes of holy rest, religious duties, and public worship; and we desire that all under our name may avail themselves of this great privilege as those who are called to be risen with Christ, and to seek those things that are above where He sitteth at the right hand of God. (Col 3:1) May the release thus granted from other occupations be diligently improved. On this day of the week especially ought the households of Friends to be assembled for the reading of the Scriptures and for waiting upon the Lord; and we trust that, in a Christianly wise economy of our time and strength, the engagements of the day may be so ordered as not to frustrate the gracious provision thus made for us by our Heavenly Father, or to shut out the opportunity either for public worship or for private retirement and devotional reading.<ref name="Richmond2008">{{cite web |title=Declaration of Faith Issued by the Richmond Conference in 1887 |url=https://www.quakerinfo.com/rdf.shtml |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=English |date=23 July 2008}}</ref>}}

=== Schwarzenau Brethren ===
The ''Church Polity'' of the [[Dunkard Brethren Church]], a Conservative Anabaptist denomination in the [[Schwarzenau Brethren]] tradition, teaches that "The First Day of the week is the Christian Sabbath and is to be kept as a day of rest and worship. (Matt. 28:1; Acts 20:7; John 20:1; Mark 16:2)"<ref name="DBC2021">{{cite book |title=Dunkard Brethren Church Polity |date=1 November 2021 |publisher=[[Dunkard Brethren Church]] |pages=6–8}}</ref>

===United Brethren===
The [[Church of the United Brethren in Christ]], in its membership standards codified in the [[Book of Discipline]], teaches in its position on the Lord's Day Observance:<ref name="UB2024"/>
{{blockquote|1. Following the example of the early disciples and New Testament church, everyone should make provision for exercises of devotion on Sunday, the Lord's Day, and inasmuch as possible shall attend all services for hearing read the Word of God, singing spiritual songs and hymns, Christian fellowship, and giving of tithes and offerings (John 20:19, 1 Corinthians 16:2, Hebrews 10:25).

2. Members are admonished to neither buy nor sell needlessly on the Lord's Day.<ref name="UB2024">{{cite web |title=Membership Standards |url=https://ub.org/discipline/04-membership-standards |publisher=Church of the United Brethren |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>}}

These standards expect the faithful to honour the Lord's Day by attending the morning service of worship and the evening service of worship on the Lord's Day, in addition to not engaging in [[Sunday shopping|Sunday trading]].<ref name="UB2024"/>

=== Methodist ===
In keeping with historic [[Methodism]],<ref name="MECS1921">{{cite book|title=Journal of the North Carolina Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South|year=1921|language=en |page=62}}</ref> the ''Discipline'' of the [[Bible Methodist Connection of Churches]] enshrines first-day Sabbatarianism:<ref name="BMCC2014"/>
{{blockquote|We believe that the Lord's Day, celebrated on Sunday, the first day of the week, throughout the Christian church, is the Christian sabbath, which we reverently observe as a day of rest and worship and as the continuing memorial of our Savior's resurrection. For this reason, we abstain from secular work and from all merchandising on this holy day, except that required by mercy or necessity.<ref name="BMCC2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblemethodist.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2014-Bible-Methodist-Discipline.pdf|title=Discipline of the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches|year=2014|page=30|language=en|access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref>}}
Regarded as the "prince of Methodist theologians" [[William Burt Pope]] explained that "Its [the Sabbath] original purpose to commemorate the creation and bear witness to the government of the One God was retained, but, as the new creation of mankind in Christ Jesus had more fully revealed the Triune God, the day of the Lord's resurrection, the first day of the week, became the Christian Sabbath, or the Lord's Day".<ref name="McPherson2016"/> Pope delineated that the Christian Sabbath was "given by Christ Himself, the Lord also of the Sabbath" as with "His resurrection began a formal appointment of the First day, and with the Pentecost He finally ratified it."<ref name="McPherson2016"/> Methodist systematic theologian [[Richard Watson (Methodist)|Richard Watson]] delineated that the observance of the Sabbath is part of the unchanging moral law, and "its observance is connected throughout the prophetic age with the highest promises, its violations with the severest maledictions; it was among the Jews in our Lord's time a day of solemn religious assembling, and was so observed by him; when changed to the first day of the week, it was the day on which the Christians assembled; it was called, by way of eminence, 'the Lord's day;' and we have inspired authority to say, that both under the Old and New Testament dispensations, it is used as an expressive type of the heavenly and eternal rest."<ref name="McPherson2016"/>

Methodist churches have historically observed the Lord's Day devoutly with a morning [[Church service|service of worship]], along with an evening service of worship.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Karen B. Westerfield |title=American Methodist Worship |date=27 April 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-045420-3 |pages=24–25 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WFMC2024">{{cite web |title=Prayer |url=https://wilmorefmc.org/worship/prayer/ |publisher=Wilmore Free Methodist Church |language=English |date=2024}}</ref>

===Holiness Pentecostalism===
Churches in the [[Holiness Pentecostal]] tradition hold to the historic Methodist views on the Lord's Day; Holiness Pentecostal churches have a morning service of worship and an evening service of worship on the Lord's Day.<ref name="USCB1941">{{cite book |title=Religious Bodies, 1936 |date=1941 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=1356 |language=en|quote=It emphasizes the observance of the first day of the week as the Christian Sabbath, and its members are forbiden to buy, or sell, or to engage in any manual labor, or business, for which they receive pecuniary remuneration.}}</ref> To this end, Holiness Pentecostal churches "oppose the increasing commercialization and secularization of Sunday."<ref>{{cite book |title=Manual |date=2018 |publisher=[[International Pentecostal Holiness Church]] |location=[[Oklahoma City]] |page=67}}</ref> The 1900 [[Book of Discipline]] of the [[Fire-Baptized Holiness Church]], a Holiness Pentecostal denomination, states:<ref name="FBA1900"/>
{{blockquote|Every member of the Fire-Baptized Holiness Association of America shall be required to observe the Lord's Day according to the teachings of Jesus Christ and the holy apostles, and to abstain from doing their own pleasure thereon.<ref name="FBA1900">{{cite book |title=Constitution and General Rules of the Fire-Baptized Holiness Association of America |date=1900 |page=7}}</ref>}}