Editing Sabah (section)

=== Energy and water resources ===
[[File:Kimanis Sabah Kimanis-Power-Plant-03.jpg|thumb|upright|High voltage [[transmission tower|electricity pylon]] located near the Kimanis Power Plant.]]
Electricity distribution in the state as well in the [[Federal Territory (Malaysia)|Federal Territory]] of [[Labuan]] are operated and managed by the [[Sabah Electricity]] [[Private company limited by shares|Sdn. Bhd.]] (SESB). Sabah electrics are mostly generated from [[Diesel generator|diesel power plant]], [[hydropower]] and [[combined cycle]] power plants. The only main [[hydroelectric plant]] is the [[Tenom Pangi Dam]].<ref name="infrastructure"/> The combined cycle power plant called Kimanis Power Plant was completed in 2014, supplying 300 [[Megawatt|MW]], with 285 MW nominal capacity.<ref name="kpp">{{cite web |url=http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/16_November_2012-@-Kimanis_Power_Plant.aspx |title=Kimanis Power Plant |publisher=Economic Transformation Programme |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719044106/http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/16_November_2012-@-Kimanis_Power_Plant.aspx |archive-date=19 July 2016 }}</ref> The plant is a joint venture between Petronas and NRG Consortium that also includes facilities such as [[pipeline transport|gas pipeline]] of [[Sabah–Sarawak Gas Pipeline]] and a terminal of [[Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal]].<ref name="kpp"/> There is another two combined cycle power plants with a capacity of 380 MW operated by [[Ranhill Holdings Berhad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2016/09/05/ranhill-tipped-for-another-ipp/ |title=Ranhill tipped for another IPP, a 300 MW power plant in Sabah |author=M. Shanmugam |work=The Star |date=5 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> In 2009, the electricity coverage covers 67% of the state population and by 2011 increase to 80%.<ref name="infrastructure"/> The coverage reach 100% in 2012 after an allocation of RM962.5&nbsp;million from the federal government were given to expand the coverage under the 2012 [[Malaysian federal budget|National Budget]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/10/14/100-power-supply-coverage-in-sabah-by-2012-%E2%80%93-sesb-latest/ |title=100% power supply coverage in Sabah by 2012 – SESB |author=Nancy Lai |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629054729/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/10/14/100-power-supply-coverage-in-sabah-by-2012-%E2%80%93-sesb-latest/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> The [[electrical grid]] is divided into two of West Coast and East Coast which has been integrated since 2007.<ref name="infrastructure"/> The West Coast Grid supplies electricity to Kota Kinabalu, Papar, Beaufort, Keningau, Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Kudat and Labuan with a capacity of 488.4 MW and maximum demand of 396.5 MW.<ref name="infrastructure"/> While the East Coast Grid supplies electricity to the major towns of Sandakan, Kinabatangan, Lahad Datu, Kunak, Semporna and Tawau with a capacity of 333.02 MW and maximum demand of 203.3 MW.<ref name="infrastructure"/>

In 2018, the federal government has announced that Sabah electrical grid will be upgraded to reduce power interruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/749045-gov-t-to-upgrade-electricity-grid-in-sabah.html|title=Gov't To Upgrade Electricity Grid In Sabah|work=Bernama|publisher=Malaysian Digest|date=23 July 2018|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724163505/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/749045-gov-t-to-upgrade-electricity-grid-in-sabah.html|archive-date=24 July 2018|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Neighbouring Sarawak has also previously announced intention to provide additional electricity power to Sabah with full export will be finalised in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/06/21/sarawak-on-course-to-supply-power-to-sabah-and-brunei/|title=Sarawak on course to supply power to Sabah and Brunei|newspaper=The Borneo Post|date=21 June 2016|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718105210/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/06/21/sarawak-on-course-to-supply-power-to-sabah-and-brunei/|archive-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1516349/sarawak-power-firm-set-to-start-feeding-sabah-from-2021|title=Sarawak power firm set to start feeding Sabah from 2021|author=Sulok Tawie|newspaper=The Malay Mail|date=22 November 2017|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718105655/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1516349/sarawak-power-firm-set-to-start-feeding-sabah-from-2021|archive-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> [[Electricity interconnection]] between Sabah, the Indonesian province of [[North Kalimantan]] and the Philippine province of [[Palawan]] as well for the whole [[Mindanao]] islands are also in the process as part of the [[BIMP-EAGA]] and Borneo-Mindanao power interconnection under the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) Power Grid;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.detik.com/finance/energi/2308195/pln-akan-ekspor-listrik-dari-kalimantan-utara-ke-sabah-malaysia |title=PLN Akan Ekspor Listrik dari Kalimantan Utara Ke Sabah Malaysia |trans-title=PLN Will Export Electricity from North Kalimantan to Sabah Malaysia |language=id |publisher=[[DetikCom|Detik Finance]] |date=19 July 2013 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227201124/https://m.detik.com/finance/energi/2308195/pln-akan-ekspor-listrik-dari-kalimantan-utara-ke-sabah-malaysia |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esdm.go.id/index.php/post/view/pln-jalin-kerjasama-kelistrikan-dengan-sabah-electricity-sdn-bhd |title=PLN Jalin Kerjasama Kelistrikan dengan Sabah Electricity, Sdn. Bhd. |trans-title=PLN Develops Electricity Cooperation with Sabah Electricity, Sdn. Bhd. |language=id |publisher=Kementerian ESDM |date=13 January 2014 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227201021/http://www.esdm.go.id/index.php/post/view/pln-jalin-kerjasama-kelistrikan-dengan-sabah-electricity-sdn-bhd |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/12/borneo-mindanao-power-interconnection-pushed/|title=Borneo-Mindanao power interconnection pushed|author=Antonio Colina IV|newspaper=Manila Bulletin|date=12 July 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718110607/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/12/borneo-mindanao-power-interconnection-pushed/|archive-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> with the interconnection with Palawan is expected to be commenced in the nearest future.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/05/palawan-moving-closer-to-getting-power-from-sabah/ |title=Palawan moving closer to getting power from Sabah |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=5 November 2016 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227195034/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/05/palawan-moving-closer-to-getting-power-from-sabah/ |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/02/26/power-link-between-palawan-sabah-eyed-527966 |title=Power link between Palawan, Sabah eyed |work=Sunstar |publisher=[[Sun.Star Manila]] |date=26 February 2017 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227195308/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/02/26/power-link-between-palawan-sabah-eyed-527966 |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://palawan-news.com/power-linkage-pushed-between-palawan-sabah/ |title=Power linkage pushed between Palawan, Sabah |publisher=Rachel Ganancial  |date=19 August 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> Since 2007, there is an attempt to establish a [[Fossil-fuel power station|coal power plant]] in Lahad Datu which receiving opposition from local residents and non-governmental organisations for the pollution that would be caused by the plant.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-power-sabah-idUSL3E7DH01Y20110217 |title=Malaysia scraps Sabah coal power plant project |author=Julie Goh |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629072457/https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-power-sabah-idUSL3E7DH01Y20110217 |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/10/17/sabah-coal-project/ |title=NGOs alarmed over reviving Sabah coal power plant |author=Ruben Sario |work=The Star |date=17 October 2013 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629070454/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/10/17/sabah-coal-project/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> Thus Sabah has start to exploring alternative ways to generate electricity with the usage of [[renewable energy]] such as [[solar energy|solar]], [[small hydro|mini hydro]], [[biomass]], [[geothermal energy|geothermal]] and micro-algae and [[tidal power|tidal]] technologies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/09/21/renewable-energy-powerful-coal-fired-power-plant/ |title=Renewable energy more powerful than a coal-fired power plant |author=Sandra Sokial |newspaper=The Rakyat Post |date=21 September 2014 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629065342/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/09/21/renewable-energy-powerful-coal-fired-power-plant/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/430 |title=Radin: Govt supports renewable energy in Sabah |author=Mohd Izham B. Hashim |publisher=New Sabah Times |date=28 October 2015 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629073515/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/430 |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> The [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]] has extended aid totalling RM172,190.93 for the solar electrification project in the island of [[Larapan Island|Larapan]] in Sabah's east coast in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kotakinabalu.my.emb-japan.go.jp/en/100310.html |title=Grassroots Grant Assistance Project for Electrification of Community Centre by Solar Energy in Pulau Larapan, Sabah |publisher=Consular Office of Japan in Kota Kinabalu |date=10 March 2010 |access-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811101231/http://www.kotakinabalu.my.emb-japan.go.jp/en/100310.html |archive-date=11 August 2016 }}</ref> In 2016, a research by United States GeothermEx Inc. and Jacobs New Zealand indicated the existence of an active geothermal system centred around the flanks of Mount Maria on Apas Kiri where it is suitable for Malaysia's first geothermal plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/08/08/steaming-up-some-extra-energy-malaysias-first-geothermal-power-plant-to-open-in-tawau/ |title=Malaysia's first geothermal power plant to open in Tawau |work=The Star |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> The construction for the first geothermal plant that expected to be completed in 2017 however was abandoned by the previous government in the mid-2016 with no sign of further progress.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/12/06/sabah-geothermal-power-plant-project-found-abandoned-dewan-rakyat-told/1700621 |title=Sabah geothermal power plant project found abandoned, Dewan Rakyat told |work=Bernama |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021071110/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/12/06/sabah-geothermal-power-plant-project-found-abandoned-dewan-rakyat-told/1700621 |archive-date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> A South Korean company [[GS Caltex]] also sets to build Malaysia's first [[bio-butanol]] plant in the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=113261 |title=Koreans eye Sabah to site world's first bio-butanol plant |newspaper=Daily Express |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014054503/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=113261 |archive-date=14 October 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:Babagon Sabah Babagon-Dam-02.jpg|thumb|left|Babagon Dam, the biggest water catchment in the state.]]
Piped [[water supply]] in the state is managed by the Sabah State Water Department, an agency under the control of Sabah Ministry of Infrastructure Development. Operating with 73 water treatments plants, an average of 1.19&nbsp;billion litres of water are distributed daily to meet Sabahan residents demands.<ref name="water supply">{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/air/?q=content/background-history |title=Background / History |publisher=Sabah State Water Department |access-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701083423/http://www.sabah.gov.my/air/?q=content%2Fbackground-history |archive-date=1 July 2016 }}</ref> The coverage of water supply in major towns has reach 100% while in rural areas, the coverage still around 75% with total public pipes length up to 15,031 kilometres.<ref name="water supply"/> Some communities use [[gravity water system]]s.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2019|title=Kota Belud village gets new gravity water system {{!}} Daily Express Online – Sabah's Leading News Portal|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/139492/kota-belud-village-gets-new-gravity-water-system-/|access-date=6 January 2022|website=www.dailyexpress.com.my}}</ref> The only water supply dam in the state is the Babagon Dam which holds 21,000 million litres of water.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2015/03/27/second-dam-needed-for-sabah/ |title=Second dam needed for Sabah |work=The Star |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> To meet the increase demands, another dam named as Kaiduan Dam was being proposed to be built although being met with protest from local villagers who living on the proposed site.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104692 |title=Kaiduan Dam project on: Pairin |newspaper=Daily Express |date=24 November 2015 |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719073146/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104692 |archive-date=19 July 2016 }}</ref> Sabah has a natural gas demand of {{convert|350|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=off|lk=on|order=flip}} per day at [[Standard temperature and pressure|standard conditions]] in 2013, which increase to {{convert|523|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit|order=flip}} per day in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy%20Paper%2017.pdf |title=Sustainable Usage of Energy to Support Growth (Strategy Paper 17) |publisher=11th Malaysia Plan, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department |access-date=29 June 2016 |page=8/30 (17–6) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629080617/http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy%20Paper%2017.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> As Malaysia's [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) are much cheaper through the [[subsidy]] that was given by the federal government, it was found out in 2015 that around 20,000 LPG cylinders in Sabah east coast were [[smuggling|smuggled]] by immigrants from neighbouring Indonesia and the southern Philippines in a monthly basis to their countries that leading to many Sabahans hard to retrieve enough supplies of LPG.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104944 |title=Losing 20,000 LPG cylinders to Sebatik |newspaper=Daily Express |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630062451/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104944 |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref> As a counter-measure, the [[Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism]] (MDTCAC) has temporarily cancelled all permits to sell gas cylinders into neighbouring countries with a new policy will be implemented to control such illegal activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/print/1663 |title=All permits for LPG sale in Sebatik cancelled |author=Michael Teh |publisher=New Sabah Times |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630064321/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/print/1663 |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109815 |title=New policy soon on LPG cylinders |newspaper=Daily Express |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630063955/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109815 |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref>