Editing Rudy Giuliani (section)

==== Criticism and communications problems ====
{{Main|Communication during the September 11 attacks#Radio communications}}

Giuliani has been widely criticized for his decision to locate the [[NYC Emergency Management|Office of Emergency Management]] headquarters on the 23rd floor inside the [[7&nbsp;World Trade Center]] building. Those opposing the decision perceived the office as a target for a terrorist attack in light of the previous [[World Trade Center bombing|terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in 1993]].<ref>{{cite web|title=World Trade Center: Profile |work=cooperativeresearch.org |url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=world_trade_center |access-date=June 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031021/https://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=world_trade_center |archive-date=September 30, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Barrett-2007" /><ref>{{cite news |title=The Grand Illusion: The untold story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11 |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0635%2Cbarrett%2C74322%2C6.html |first1=Wayne |last1=Barentt |author-link1=Wayne Barrett |first2=Dan |last2=Collins |author-link2=Dan Collins (journalist) |work=[[The Village Voice]] |date=September 2006 |access-date=September 6, 2006 |archive-date=September 1, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901013040/http://villagevoice.com/news/0635,barrett,74322,6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The office was unable to coordinate efforts between police and firefighters properly while evacuating its headquarters.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jarrett |last=Murphy |date=December 5, 2005 |work=[[The Village Voice]] |title=Open and Shut |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0549,murphy,70685,6.html |access-date=June 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611004630/https://www.villagevoice.com/news/0549%2Cmurphy%2C70685%2C6.html |archive-date=June 11, 2007 }}</ref> Large tanks of diesel fuel were placed in 7{{spaces}}World Trade to power the command center. In May 1997, Giuliani put responsibility for selecting the location on [[Jerome M. Hauer]], who had served under Giuliani from 1996 to 2000 before being appointed by him as New York City's first director of emergency management. Hauer has taken exception to that account in interviews and provided [[Fox News]] and ''[[New York Magazine]]'' with a memo demonstrating that he recommended a location in [[Brooklyn]] but was overruled by Giuliani. Television journalist [[Chris Wallace (journalist)|Chris Wallace]] interviewed Giuliani on May 13, 2007, about his 1997 decision to locate the command center at the World Trade Center. Giuliani laughed during Wallace's questions and said that Hauer recommended the World Trade Center site and that Hauer said the WTC site was the best location. Wallace presented Giuliani a photocopy of Hauer's directive letter. The letter urged Giuliani to locate the command center in Brooklyn, instead of lower Manhattan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/transcript-rudy-giuliani-on-fox-news-sunday |title=Transcript: Rudy Giuliani on Fox News Sunday |date=May 14, 2007 |access-date=September 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010042606/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C271917%2C00.html |archive-date=October 10, 2007 |work=[[Fox News]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheRealRudyCommandCenter_480 |first=Robert |last=Greenwald |title=The REAL Rudy: Command Center |date=September 6, 2007 |access-date=21 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Onetime Giuliani Insider Is Now a Critic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/us/politics/22giuliani.html |work=The New York Times |first=Russ |last=Buettner |date=May 22, 2007 |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-date=June 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605084325/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/us/politics/22giuliani.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Angry Giuliani Aide Lashes Back |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/empirezone.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/05/15/angry-giuliani-aide-lashes-back/ |work=The New York Times |date=May 15, 2007 |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208223434/https://archive.nytimes.com/empirezone.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/05/15/angry-giuliani-aide-lashes-back/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Wayne |last1=Barrett |first2=Dan |last2=Collins |title=The Real Rudy: From the September print issue: The image of Rudy Giuliani as the hero of September 11 has never been seriously challenged. That changes now |work=[[The American Prospect]] |date=September 11, 2006 |url=https://prospect.org/article/real-rudy-d2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011193601/http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11973 |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> The February 1996 memo read, "The [Brooklyn] building is secure and not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan."<ref>{{cite news |title=Giuliani Blames Aide for Poor Emergency Planning |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2007/05/guiliani_blames_aide_for_poor_emergency_planning.html |date=May 15, 2007 |work=[[Intelligencer (website)|Intelligencer]] |first=Lloyd |last=Grove |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106211753/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2007/05/guiliani_blames_aide_for_poor_emergency_planning.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:911- President George W. Bush Addresses Joint Session of Congress, 09-20-2001. (6124236379).jpg|thumb|right|Giuliani, on right, at a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001, in which President Bush praised his efforts as mayor and named [[Tom Ridge]] to a new cabinet-level position to oversee homeland defense initiatives]]

In January 2008, an eight-page memo was revealed which detailed the New York City Police Department's opposition in 1998 to the location of the city's emergency command center at the Trade Center site. The Giuliani administration overrode these concerns.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/26/us/politics/26emergency.html |title=Memo Details Objections to Command Center Site |last=Rashbaum |first=William K. |date=January 26, 2008 |at=Politics (sec.) |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 27, 2008 |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429220102/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/26/us/politics/26emergency.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]'' noted that lack of preparedness could have led to the deaths of first responders at the scene of the attacks. The commission noted that the radios in use by the fire department were the same radios which had been criticized for their ineffectiveness following the 1993 World Trade Center bombings. Family members of 9/11 victims have said these radios were a complaint of emergency services responders for years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rudy gets earful at stop here: Some FDNY survivors rally against him |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2007/04/24/rudy-gets-earful-at-stop-here/ |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=April 24, 2007 |first=David |last=Saltonstall |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-date=May 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527080857/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/04/24/2007-04-24_rudy_gets_earful_at_stop_here.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The radios were not working when Fire Department chiefs ordered the 343 firefighters inside the towers to evacuate, and they remained in the towers as the towers collapsed.<ref name="ABC News">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video?id=3367678 |title=Video: Giuliani's 'Hero' Reputation Burned? |work=ABC News |access-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522120716/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video?id=3367678 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6294198.stm |title=NY firefighters attack Giuliani |date=July 12, 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-date=December 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218154719/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6294198.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, when Giuliani testified before the 9/11 Commission he said the firefighters ignored the evacuation order out of an effort to save lives.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Kevin |last=Baker |title=A Fate Worse than Bush: Rudy Giuliani and the Politics of Personality |url=https://kevinbaker.info/fate-worse-bush-rudolph-giuliani-politics-personality/ |via=kevinbaker.info |magazine=[[Harper's Magazine]] |date=August 2007 |page=37 |access-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622065759/https://kevinbaker.info/fate-worse-bush-rudolph-giuliani-politics-personality/ |url-status=live }} citing {{cite book |first1=Jim |last1=Dwyer |first2=Kevin |last2=Flynn |title=102 Minutes |publisher=Times Books |year=2002 }}</ref> Giuliani testified to the commission, where some family members of responders who had died in the attacks appeared to protest his statements.<ref>{{cite news|title=Giuliani Faces 9/11 Questions |first=Larry |last=McShane |date=March 30, 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6519758,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |access-date=June 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506073310/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0%2C%2C-6519758%2C00.html |archive-date=May 6, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 1994 mayoral office study of the radios indicated that they were faulty. Replacement radios were purchased in a $33{{spaces}}million [[no-bid contract]] with [[Motorola]], and implemented in early 2001. However, the radios were recalled in March 2001 after a probationary firefighter's calls for help at a house fire could not be picked up by others at the scene, leaving firemen with the old [[Analog transmission|analog]] radios from 1993.<ref name="ABC News" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Steier |work=[[The Chief (New York newspaper)|The Chief-Leader]] |url=http://www.thechief-leader.com/news/2007/0608/Razzle_Dazzle |title=Razzle Dazzle: Rudy Ducking and Running |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721004626/http://www.thechief-leader.com/news/2007/0608/Razzle_Dazzle/ |date=June 8, 2007 |archive-date=July 21, 2009}}</ref> A book later published by Commission members [[Thomas Kean]] and [[Lee H. Hamilton]], ''Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission'', argued that the commission had not pursued a tough enough line of questioning with Giuliani.<ref>{{cite news |title=9/11 Commissioners Say They Went Easy on Giuliani to Avoid Public's Anger |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/nyregion/06book.html |work=The New York Times |first=Timothy |last=Williams |date=August 6, 2006 |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-date=December 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024942/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/nyregion/06book.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

An October 2001 study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and Health said cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear.<ref name="Barrett-2007">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |title=Rudy Giuliani's 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump, Rudy Can't Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His Dubious Record |work=[[The Village Voice]] |date=August 8, 2007 |pages=35–36 |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/rudy-giulianis-five-big-lies-about-911/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812224514/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0732,barrett,77463,6.html |archive-date=August 12, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Amy |last=Goodman |author-link=Amy Goodman |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2006/9/8/new_yorkers_tell_federal_officials_to |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115002115/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06%2F09%2F08%2F1349248 |url-status=live |title=New Yorkers Tell Federal Officials To Stop Ignoring 9/11's Health Effects |website=[[Democracy Now!]] |archive-date=November 15, 2007 |access-date=21 December 2023 }}</ref>