Editing Richard III (play) (section)

==In culture==

===''Now is the winter of our discontent''===
In ''The Return to Parnassus; the Scourge of Simony'', one of the three [[Parnassus plays]], which were written between 1598 and 1602 two characters, Philomusus and Studiosus, audition for [[Richard Burbage]] and [[William Kempe|Will Kemp]], members of Shakespeare's company, the [[Lord Chamberlain's Men]]. The audition piece Philomusus performs is from the opening monologue of ''Richard III’'.<ref>Bate, Jonathan. ''The Genius of Shakespeare''. Oxford University Press (1998) {{ISBN|9780195128239}} page 22</ref><ref>''The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes'' (1907–21). Volume VI. The Drama to 1642, Part Two. XII. University Plays. § 16. The Parnassus Trilogy.</ref><ref>''The pilgrimage to Parnassus with the two parts of The return from Parnassus. Three comedies performed in St. John's college, Cambridge, A.D. 1597-1601.'' Editor: Macray, William Dunn. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1886</ref>

The 2010 film, ''[[The King's Speech]]'', features a scene where the king's speech therapist [[Lionel Logue]], as played by [[Geoffrey Rush]], auditions for the role by reciting the lines, "Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this sun [or son] of York". Shakespeare critic Keith Jones believes that the film in general sets up its main character as a kind of antithesis to Richard III.<ref>[http://bardfilm.blogspot.com/2011/01/shakespeare-in-kings-speech.html Shakespeare in ''King's Speech'']</ref> The same antithesis was noted by conservative commentator Noah Millman.<ref>Millman, Noah. [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/millman/weekly-double-feature-feature-richard-iii-and-the-kings-speech/ "Weekly Double Feature: ''Richard III'' and ''The King's Speech''"] ''[[The American Conservative]]'' 24 March 2012</ref>

In the ''[[Red Dwarf]]'' episode "[[Marooned (Red Dwarf)|Marooned]]", [[Arnold Rimmer|Rimmer]] objects to [[Dave Lister|Lister]]'s burning of the ''Complete Works of Shakespeare'' in an attempt to maintain enough heat to keep him alive. When challenged, Rimmer claims he can quote from it and embarks upon the soliloquy: "Now!&nbsp;... That's all I can remember. You know! That famous speech from ''Richard III'' – 'now, something something something something'."

In the 1967 film ''[[Billion Dollar Brain]]'', [[Harry Palmer]] is told to use the verse as a [[Code word (figure of speech)|code phrase]].

John Steinbeck used the opening line for the title of his novel ''[[The Winter of Our Discontent]]''.

The phrase "[[Winter of Discontent]]" is an expression, popularised by the British media, referring to the winter of 1978–79 in the United Kingdom, during which there were widespread strikes by local authority trade unions demanding larger pay rises for their members.

===''My kingdom for a horse!''===
Richard begins act 5, scene 4 by exclaiming "A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!" after being knocked from his steed during the climactic battle.<ref>Shakespeare, ''Richard III'', Act 5, scene 4, line 13</ref><ref>Shakespeare & Beyond. [https://www.folger.edu/blogs/shakespeare-and-beyond/richard-iii-my-kingdom-for-a-horse/ ''Richard III: My kingdom for a horse''], [[Folger Library]], 24 August 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2023</ref> [[wiktionary:my kingdom for a horse#English|The phrase]] illustrates the drama and desperation of his sudden fall from grace and has entered common parlance as such.

In the 1949 [[Looney Tunes]] cartoon ''[[A Ham in a Role]]'', the dog actor says [[William Catesby|Catesby]] and Richard III's lines, "Rescue, fair lord, or else the day is lost! A horse, A horse, My kingdom for a horse!" before being kicked out of the window by a [[Goofy Gophers]]-hauled horse.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

[[Noël Coward]]'s 1941 song ''[[Could You Please Oblige Us with a Bren Gun?]]'' includes a lyric referring to Colonel Montmorency: "He realised his army should be mechanised, of course/ But somewhere inside/ Experience cried/ 'My kingdom for a horse!{{'"}}

In the 1993 [[Mel Brooks]] film ''[[Robin Hood: Men in Tights]]'', the character [[Robin of Locksley]], played by [[Cary Elwes]], says "A horse, my kingdom for a horse!" as he arrives in [[England]] in the opening scene.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

In [[E. T. A. Hoffmann]]'s 1816 story [[The Nutcracker and the Mouse King]], the Nutcracker shouts in one scene; "A horse – a horse – my kingdom for a horse!"

===Other quotations===
The film ''[[Being John Malkovich]]'' has many Shakespeare allusions, including a scene in which [[John Malkovich|Malkovich]] is shown rehearsing ''Richard III''{{'s}} lines "Was ever woman in this humour woo'd? / Was ever woman in this humour won?" where Richard is boasting about using power, lies, and crime to seduce Lady Anne. As Visual Cultures professor Lynn Turner notes, this scene anticipates a parallel scene in which Craig uses deceit to seduce Maxine through Malkovich.<ref>[https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/LynnTurner/Papers/106030/Translating_John_Malkovich "Translating John Malkovich" by Lynn Turner originally published in ''Translations – Performance Research'' 2002 – Volume 7, No. 2, June]</ref> Mariangela Tempera has noted that the subservience of Lady Anne in the scene contrasts with the self-assertiveness of the actress playing Lady Anne as she seduces Malkovich offstage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Shakespeare on Screen |last=Hatchuel |first=Sarah |year= 2005 |publisher=Publication Univ Rouen Havre |isbn=9782877753890 |page=78 }} Essay: "Winter and Horses: References to ''Richard III'' on film and television"</ref>

In [[Adam Sandler]]'s 2011 film ''[[Jack and Jill (2011 film)|Jack and Jill]]'', Al Pacino reprises his role as Richard III, although the scenes are modified as Pacino interacts with the audience in a heavily comedic way.<ref>[http://www.grantland.com/blog/hollywood-prospectus/post/_/id/37403/just-how-good-is-al-pacino-in-jack-and-jill Just How Good Is Al Pacino In Jack and Jill]</ref>

In '' [[V for Vendetta (film)|V for Vendetta]]'' when V confronts Father Lilliman, he quotes the line "And thus I clothe my naked villany in old odd ends stol'n forth of holy writ, and seem a saint when most I play the devil."

In ''[[Freaked]]'', an arrogant movie star who has been transformed into a "hideous mutant freak" makes use of his deformity by performing the opening soliloquy, condensed by a local professor in subtitles for the "culturally illiterate" to the more succinct "I'm ugly. I never get laid." One reviewer mentioned this as the best example of how the film seamlessly moves between highbrow and lowbrow culture.<ref>[http://spectrumculture.com/2011/02/wtf-freaked.html/ "WTF:Freaked"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112142308/http://spectrumculture.com/2011/02/wtf-freaked.html |date=12 November 2011 }}. ''Spectrum Culture''</ref>

In ''[[The Goodbye Girl]]'', an ambitious actor played by [[Richard Dreyfuss]] is forced by his off-Broadway producer to play Richard III as a caricature of a homosexual.<ref>{{cite book| last = Brode| first = Douglas| date = 2001| title = Shakespeare in the Movies| publisher = Berkley Publishing Group| pages = 237–238| isbn = 0-425-18176-6}}</ref>

In the 1975 film ''[[L'important c'est d'aimer]]'', directed by [[Andrzej Żuławski]], a production of ''Richard III'' in French is a ''[[mise en abyme]]'' for the drama enveloping the characters in the film.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

The [[manga]] ''[[Requiem of the Rose King]]'' by [[Aya Kanno]], which began in 2013, is a loose adaptation of the first Shakespearean historical tetralogy. It depicts Richard III as [[intersex]] instead of hunchbacked.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-07-04/viz-media-adds-jojo-bizarre-adventures-battle-tendency-requiem-of-the-rose-king-manga/.76272|title=Viz Media Adds JoJo's Bizarre Adventures: Battle Tendency, Requiem of the Rose King Manga|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=2014-07-04|access-date=2015-03-12}}</ref>

The title of the [[Alistair MacLean]] film ''[[Where Eagles Dare]]'' is inspired by Richard's complaint that the "world is grown so bad, that wrens make prey where eagles dare not perch." (Quoted in Act I, Scene III)

====Lincoln's assassination====
US President [[Abraham Lincoln]] was renowned for his love of Shakespeare, and of ''Richard III'' in particular.<ref>See Carter, Stephen L, [https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2013-02-07/what-abraham-lincoln-liked-about-richard-iii#xj4y7vzkg "What Abraham Lincoln Liked about ''Richard III''"]</ref> This fed [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] propaganda, especially in Virginia, where residents of [[Richmond, Virginia]], saw Lincoln as a Richard-like tyrant and identified their capital city with the [[Henry VII of England|Earl of Richmond]], the hero of Shakespeare's play. Some interpreted Richard's Act IV speech as an omen favourable to the South{{cn|date=April 2023}}:
{{poemquote|a bard of Ireland told me once
I should not live long after I saw Richmond.}}

Within a fortnight of the president's visit to the defeated city, he was [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|assassinated]] by [[John Wilkes Booth]], a Shakespearean actor known for playing both Richard and Richmond. Booth's notorious final words from the stage were "''[[Sic semper tyrannis]]''".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/john-wilkes-booth-9219681 |title=John Wilkes Booth |website=[[FYI (U.S. TV network)|Biography]] |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref>