Editing Republicanism (section)

===Italy===
{{main|1946 Italian institutional referendum}}
[[File:Giuseppe Mazzini.jpg|thumb|[[Giuseppe Mazzini]]. His thoughts influenced many politicians of a later period, among them [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[David Lloyd George]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Golda Meir]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="King"/>]]
[[File:Pietro Barsanti.png|thumb|[[Pietro Barsanti]], the first martyr of the modern [[Italian Republic]]<ref name="Ridolfi"/><ref name="Spadolini"/>]]
In the [[history of Italy]] there are several so-called "republican" governments that have followed one another over time. Examples are the ancient [[Roman Republic]] and the medieval [[maritime republics]]. From [[Cicero]] to [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], Italian philosophers have imagined the foundations of political science and republicanism.<ref>[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] notes, in ''[[The Social Contract]]'', about [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] and his work ''[[The Prince]]'': "Pretending to give lessons to kings, he gave great lessons to the people. ''The Prince'' is the book of the republicans." (see [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Rousseau_-_Du_Contrat_social_%C3%A9d._Beaulavon_1903.djvu/237 Rousseau - Du Contrat social éd. Beaulavon 1903.djvu/237 - Wikisource].</ref> But it was [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] who revived the republican idea in Italy in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Paul|last1=Baquiast|first2=Emmanuel|last2=Dupuy|first3=Maurizio|last3=Ridolfi|title=L'idée républicaine en Europe (xviii<sup>e</sup> – xxi<sup>e</sup> siècle): histoire et pensée universelle, Europe - La République universelle|volume=1|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2007|isbn=978-2296027954|language=fr|page=85}}</ref>

An [[Italian nationalist]] in the [[historical radical]] tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of [[social-democratic]] inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for [[popular democracy]] in a republican state.<ref name="Swinburne">Swinburne, Algernon Charles (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5WYbAgAAQBAJ&dq=Mazzini+helped+define+the+modern+European+movement+for+popular+democracy+in+a+republican+state&pg=PT387 Delphi Complete Works of Algernon Charles Swinburne]''. Delphi Classics. {{ISBN|978-1909496699}}.</ref> Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the [[Constitution of Italy]], about [[Europeanism]] and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president [[Woodrow Wilson]], British prime minister [[David Lloyd George]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Israeli prime minister [[Golda Meir]] and Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="King">King, Bolton (2019). ''[https://www.bookbeat.com/it/libro/the-life-of-mazzini-479253 The Life of Mazzini]''. Good Press.</ref> Mazzini formulated a concept known as "thought and action" in which thought and action must be joined together and every thought must be followed by action, therefore rejecting [[intellectualism]] and the notion of divorcing theory from practice.<ref name="Paul Schumaker 2010 p. 58">Schumaker, Paul (2010). ''The Political Theory Reader'' (illustrated ed.). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 58. {{ISBN|9781405189972}}.</ref>

In July 1831, in exile in [[Marseille]], Giuseppe Mazzini founded the [[Young Italy]] movement, which aimed to transform Italy into a unitary democratic republic, according to the principles of freedom, independence and unity, but also to oust the monarchic regimes pre-existing the unification, including the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]. The foundation of the Young Italy constitutes a key moment of the Italian [[Risorgimento]]. The philosopher [[Carlo Cattaneo]] promoted a secular and republican Italy in the extension of Mazzini's ideas, but organized as a [[Federalism|federal]] republic.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Paul|last1=Baquiast|first2=Emmanuel|last2=Dupuy|first3=Maurizio|last3=Ridolfi|title=L'idée républicaine en Europe (xviii<sup>e</sup> – xxi<sup>e</sup> siècle): histoire et pensée universelle, Europe - La République universelle|volume=1|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2007|isbn=978-2296027954|language=fr|page=91}}</ref>

The political projects of Mazzini and Cattaneo were thwarted by the action of the Piedmontese Prime Minister [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]], and [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. The latter set aside his republican ideas to favor Italian unity.<ref>{{cite book|language=it|first=Rosario|last=Romeo|author-link=Rosario Romeo|title=Vita di Cavour|publisher=Editori Laterzi|year=2011|isbn=978-8842074915|page=290}}</ref> After having obtained the conquest of the whole of [[southern Italy]] during the [[Expedition of the Thousand]], Garibaldi handed over the conquered territories to the king of Sardinia [[Victor Emmanuel II]], which were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia after a plebiscite. This earned him heavy criticism from numerous republicans who accused him of treason.<ref>{{cite book|language=it|first=Denis |last=Mack Smith|author-link=Denis Mack Smith|title=I Savoia re d'Italia|publisher=Bur|year=1990|isbn=978-8817115674|pages=90–92}}</ref> While a laborious administrative unification began, a [[Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy|first Italian parliament]] was elected and, on 17 March 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was [[Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy|proclaimed king of Italy]].<ref>{{cite book|language=fr|first=Paul|last=Guichonnet|title=Histoire de l'Italie|publisher=Presses universitaires de France|year=1975|isbn=|page=95}} {{No ISBN}}</ref>

In the political panorama of the time there was a republican political movement which had its martyrs, such as the soldier [[Pietro Barsanti]].<ref name="Ridolfi">{{cite book|language=it|first=Maurizio|last=Ridolfi|title=Almanacco della Repubblica. Storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane|publisher=Mondadori Bruno|year=2003|isbn=978-8842494997|page=172}}</ref> Barsanti was a supporter of republican ideas, and was a soldier in the [[Royal Italian Army]] with the rank of corporal. He was sentenced to death and shot in 1870 for having favored an insurrectional attempt against the [[House of Savoy|Savoy monarchy]] and is therefore considered the first martyr of the modern [[Italian Republic]]<ref name="Ridolfi"/><ref name="Spadolini">{{cite book|language=it|first=Giovanni|last=Spadolini|author-link=Giovanni Spadolini|title=L'opposizione laica nell'Italia moderna (1861-1922)|publisher=Le Monnier|year=1989|isbn=978-8800856256|page=491}}</ref> and a symbol of republican ideals in Italy.<ref>{{Citation|first=Elio|last=Lodolini|year=1964|title=BARSANTI, Pietro|encyclopedia=[[Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]]|volume=VI|publisher=[[Treccani]]|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-barsanti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|location=Rome|language=it|ref={{sfnref|Treccani|1964}}}}</ref>

The Republicans took part in the elections to the Italian Parliament, and in 1853 they formed the [[Action Party (Italy, 1853)|Action Party]] around [[Giuseppe Mazzini]]. Although in exile, Mazzini was elected in 1866, but refused to take his seat in parliament. [[Carlo Cattaneo]] was elected deputy in 1860 and 1867, but refused so as not to have to swear loyalty to the [[House of Savoy]]. The problem of the oath of loyalty to the monarchy, necessary to be elected, was the subject of controversy within the republican forces. In 1873 [[Felice Cavallotti]], one of the most committed Italian politicians against the monarchy, preceded his oath with a declaration in which he reaffirmed his republican beliefs.<ref>{{cite book|language=it|first=Alessandro Galante|last=Garrone|title=I radicali in Italia (1849-1925)|publisher=Garzanti|year=1973|isbn=|pages= 129–131}} {{No ISBN}}</ref>

In October 1922, the nomination of [[Benito Mussolini]] as prime minister by King [[Victor Emmanuel III]], following the [[march on Rome]], paved the way for the establishment of the dictatorship. With the implementation of fascist laws (Royal Decree of 6 November 1926), all political parties operating on Italian territory were dissolved, with the exception of the [[National Fascist Party]]. The [[Kingdom of Italy]] entered [[World War II]] on 10 June 1940. Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945, [[Surrender of Caserta|when the German forces in Italy surrendered]].

The aftermath of World War II left Italy also with an anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist regime]] for the previous twenty years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.<ref>{{Citation|year=1970|title=Italia|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano|volume=VI|page=456|publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it}}</ref> Italy became a republic after the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]]<ref>{{cite video |year=1946 |title=Damage Foreshadows A-Bomb Test, 1946/06/06 (1946) |url=https://archive.org/details/1946-06-06_Damage_Foreshadows_A-Bomb_Test |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]''. It was the first time that the whole [[Italian Peninsula]] was under a form of republican governance since the end of the ancient [[Roman Republic]].