Editing Reggae (section)

===Europe===
The UK was a primary destination for Caribbean people looking to emigrate as early as the 1950s. Because of this, [[Caribbean music in the United Kingdom]], including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Most notable of these is [[lovers rock]], but this fusion of Jamaican music into English culture was seminal in the formation of other musical forms like [[drum and bass]] and [[dubstep]]. The UK became the base from which many Jamaican artists toured Europe and due to the large number of Jamaican musicians emigrating there, the UK is the root of the larger European scene that exists today. Many of the world's most famous reggae artists began their careers in UK. Singer and Grammy Award-winning reggae artist [[Maxi Priest]] began his career with seminal British sound system [[Saxon Studio International]].

Three reggae-tinged singles from [[the Police]]'s 1978 debut album, ''[[Outlandos d'Amour]]'', laid down the template for the basic structure of a lot of rock/reggae songwriting: a reggae-infused verse containing upstrokes on guitar or keyboards and a more aggressive, on-the-beat punk/rock attack during the chorus. The end of the 1970s featured a ska revival in the UK. By the end of the 1970s, a revival movement had begun in England, with such bands as the Specials, Madness, the (English) Beat, and the Selecter. The Specials' leader and keyboardist, [[Jerry Dammers]], founded the 2 Tone record label, which released albums from the aforementioned racially integrated groups and was instrumental in creating a new social and cultural awareness. The 2 Tone movement referenced reggae's godfathers, popular styles (including the genre's faster and more dance-oriented precursors, ska and rocksteady), and previous modes of dress (such as black suits and porkpie hats) but updated the sound with a faster tempo, more guitar, and more attitude.<ref>Stemkovsky, I. (2012, 08). Reggae-core. ''Modern Drummer, 36'', 60–62.</ref>
[[File:UB40in2010.jpg|thumb|right|UB40 perform in Birmingham, 2010]]
[[Birmingham]] based reggae/[[pop music]] band [[UB40]] were main contributors to the British reggae scene throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The achieved international success with hits such as "[[Red Red Wine]]", "[[Kingston Town (song)|Kingston Town]]" and "[[Can't Help Falling in Love#UB40 version|(I Can't Help) Falling in Love with You]]."

Other UK-based artists that had international impact include [[Aswad (band)|Aswad]], [[Misty in Roots]], [[Steel Pulse]], [[Janet Kay]], [[Tippa Irie]], [[Smiley Culture]] and more recently [[Bitty McLean]]. There have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica and the Caribbean community in Europe, whose music and vocal styles are almost identical to contemporary Jamaican music. The best examples might be [[Alborosie]] (Italy) and [[Gentleman (musician)|Gentleman]] (Germany). Both Gentleman and Alborosie have had a significant chart impact in Jamaica, unlike many European artists. They have both recorded and released music in Jamaica for Jamaican labels and producers and are popular artists, likely to appear on many [[riddim]]s. Alborosie has lived in Jamaica since the late 1990s and has recorded at Bob Marley's famous [[Tuff Gong]] Studios. Since the early 1990s, several Italian reggae bands have emerged, including Africa Unite, [[Gaudi (musician)|Gaudi]], Reggae National Tickets, [[Sud Sound System]], [[Pitura Freska]] and [[B.R. Stylers]].

Reggae appeared on the [[Popular music in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav popular music scene]] in the late 1970s, through sporadic songs by various rock acts, most prominently by [[New wave music|new wave]] bands [[Haustor]], [[Šarlo Akrobata]], [[Aerodrom (band)|Aerodrom]], [[Laboratorija Zvuka]], [[Piloti (band)|Piloti]], [[Zana (band)|Zana]], [[Du Du A]] and [[Grupa I]]. In the mid-1980s appeared [[Del Arno Band]], often considered the first Yugoslav band whose sound was primarily reggae-oriented, remaining one of the most notable reggae acts in the region of former Yugoslavia.<ref name="janjatović77">{{cite book|last=Janjatović|first=Petar|title=Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960–2023|year=2024|publisher=self-released / Makart|location=Belgrade|page=77}}</ref>

The first homegrown [[Polish reggae]] bands started in the 1980s with groups like [[Izrael (band)|Izrael]]. Singer and songwriter [[Alexander Barykin]] was considered the father of Russian reggae.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080930011306/http://www.superstar.su/players/22/ Superstar 2008. Team of USSR ALEXANDER BARYKIN]</ref> In Sweden, [[Uppsala Reggae Festival]] attracts attendees from across Northern Europe and features Swedish reggae bands such as [[Rootvälta]] and [[Svenska Akademien (band)|Svenska Akademien]] as well as many popular Jamaican artists. [[Summerjam]], Europe's biggest reggae festival, takes place in [[Cologne]], [[Germany]], and sees crowds of 25,000 or more. [[Rototom Sunsplash]], a week-long festival which used to take place in [[Osoppo]], [[Italy]], until 2009, is now held in [[Benicassim]], [[Spain]], and gathers up to 150,000 visitors every year.

In Iceland reggae band [[Hjálmar]] is well established having released six CDs in Iceland. They were the first reggae band in Iceland, but few Icelandic artists had written songs in the reggae style before their arrival on the Icelandic music scene. The Icelandic reggae scene is expanding and growing at a fast rate. RVK Soundsystem is the first Icelandic [[Sound system (Jamaican)|sound system]], counting five DJs. They hold reggae nights in Reykjavík every month at clubs Hemmi og Valdi and more recently in Faktorý as the crowd has grown so much.

In Germany, the three successful Reggae Summerjam open-air festivals were crucial parts of the renaissance of Caribbean music in Germany but in 1990, conflict broke out between the two main German promoters who had cooperated so well during the previous seasons. With a lot of infighting and personal quarrels, each of them pursued his own preparations for a big summer festival. The result was that two open-air events look place on the same day.

The 1990 Reggae Summerjam was staged as usual, but for only one day. The event took place at the Lorelei Rock amphitheater, with artists like Mad Professor's Ariwa Posse with Macka B and Kofi, Mutabaruka, the Mighty Diamonds, the Twinkle Brothers, Manu Dibango and Fela Kuti.

The other, ex-partner of the once-united promoters succeeded in bringing the original Sunsplash package to Germany for the first time. Close to the Main River in the little village of Gemaunden deep in rural south-central Germany, they staged a two-day festival that drew a bigger crowd. About 10,000 people came from all over the country as well as from neighboring states like trance{{clarify|date=February 2023}} and, for the first time, East Germany to see the lineup of top reggae artists.<ref>Habekost, C. ". (1990, REGGAE SUNSPLASH GERMANY. ''The Beat, 9'', 26–27.</ref>