Editing Reduplication (section)

====Indo-Aryan====
Typically all Indo-Aryan languages, like [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] use partial or [[Echo word|echoic reduplication]] in some form or the other. It is usually used to sound casual, or in a suggestive manner. It is often used to mean ''etcetera''. For example, in Hindi, chai-shai (''chai'' means tea, while this phrase means tea or any other supplementary drink or tea along with snacks). Quite common in casual conversations are a few more examples like shopping-wopping, khana-wana.
South Asian Indo Aryan languages are also rich in other forms of reduplication: morphological (expressives), lexical (distributives), and phrasal (aspectual).
*morphological:
{{fs interlinear|indent=3
|मनात {हूर हूर} दाटून येते |c1={{sfn|Kulkarni|2013}}
|manaa-t hur-hur daaT.un yete
|mind-in longing choking comes
|'Yearning desire floods into my heart.' [[Marathi language|Marathi]]}}

Reduplication also occurs in the 3rd ''[[Sanskrit verbs|gaṇa]]'' (verb class) of the Sanskrit language: ''bibheti'' "he fears", ''bibharti'' "he bears", ''juhoti'' "he offers", ''dadāti'', "he gives". Even though the general idea is to reduplicate the verb root as a prefix, several sandhi rules change the outcome.

There are a number of constructions in Hindi and Urdu that are constructed by reduplication. Nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, all have possibility of reduplications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montaut |first=Annie |date=2009 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Rajendra |title=Reduplication and echo words in Hindi/Urdu |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00449691/document |journal=Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=matthewjmiller07|date=2015-02-11|title=Reduplication Reduplication in Hindi (Matthew Miller's Morphological Musings)|url=https://lisatravis2012.wordpress.com/2015/02/11/reduplication-reduplication-in-hindi-matthew-millers-morphological-musings/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=Morphology 440 640|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dipti Misra |date=2012-12-08 |title=Introduction to Morphology, Syntax and Lexical Semantics of Hindi and Urdu |url=https://verbs.colorado.edu/hindiurdu/tutorial_slides/2-hindi-urdu-linguistics-dipti.pptx.pdf |website=verbs.colorado.edu}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!(1) Reduplication of numbers
!(2) Reduplication of pronouns
|-
|{{interlinear
  |{baccõ ko} ek-ek tɔfī do.
  |children.DAT one-one.REDUP toffee give.IMP
  |give <u>a</u> toffee <u>to each</u> child, <u>one toffee per child</u>.}}
|{{interlinear
  |tumne kyā-kyā dekhā?
  |you.ERG what-what.REDUP saw.MASC.PRF?
  |<u>what (all things)</u> did you see?}}
|-
|{{interlinear
  |{bacce-bacce ko} pacās-pacās tɔfiyā̃ milī̃.
  |child-child.DAT fifty-fifty toffees received.PRF.FEM.PL
  |<u>each and every child</u> received <u>50 toffees each</u>}}
|{{interlinear
  |jo-jo āẽge unhẽ kɛhnā.
  |who-who.NOM will-come them.DAT say.IMP.FUT
  |say to <u>whoever</u> will come <u>(to all and every visitor)</u>}}
|-
!(3) Reduplication of nouns
!(4) Reduplication of adjectives
|-
|{{interlinear
  |baccā-baccā jāntā hai.
  |child-child.NOM know.PTCP be.3.PRES?
  |<u>(each and) every</u> child knows.}}
|{{interlinear
  |ye garm-garm cāy piyo.
  |this hot-hot tea drink.2.IMP
  |drink this <u>hot</u> tea. (emphasis on hotness)}}
|-
|{{interlinear
  |cāy-śāy {ho jāye?}
  |tea-tea.NOM happen.PRF.SG.SUBJ?
  |shall we have a cup of tea? (emphasis on meeting <u>over tea</u>)}}
|{{interlinear
  |udhar harī-harī ghās hai.
  |{tither/that way} green-green grass be.3.PRS
  |there is <u>(so much)</u> green grass that way/over there. (emphasis on the quantity)}}
|-
!(5) Reduplication of verbs
!(6) Reduplication of adverbs
|-
|{{interlinear
  |khāte-khāte mat bolo.
  |eat-eat.PTCP.IPFV not talk.2.IMP
  |do not talk <u>while eating</u>.}}
|{{interlinear
  |kal-kal mẽ {hī ho jāyegā.}
  |tomorrow-tomorrow.LOC happen.3.FUT.PRF {}
  |It'll be done <u>before tomorrow ends</u>.}}
|-
|{{interlinear
  |soye-soye {mar gaye.}
  |sleep-sleep.PTCP.PRF die.PRF.MASC.PL
  |he died <u>while sleeping</u> / he died <u>in his sleep</u>.}}
|{{interlinear
  |cillāyī {zor-zor se.}
  |shouted.PRF.SG.FEM loud-loud.INST
  |she shouted <u>loudly</u>. (emphasis on the loudness)}}
|}