Editing Quotation (section)

====Quotative evidentials====
Quotative or hearsay evidentials provide knowledge of who or where information originated from in speech based on logical assumption. Languages indicate this in various ways: through grammatical marking, additional words and phrases, prosody, gestures, or systematic affixes of verbs. Quotative readings of evidentials are typologically rare. For example, English can express evidentials with an optional adverb, "''Allegedly'', Annie pulled the trigger." The interlocutor then knows the source of the quotation is from elsewhere, but this is not a quotative reading as there is no direct performative quoting or verbs of saying. Languages including Cusco Quechua, Kham, Tagalog, and Kaalallisut are documented as containing quotative evidentials. In languages with "true" quotative evidentials (which usually introduce quoted statements), it is also possible for them to occur with interrogatives and imperatives, yielding quoted interrogatives and quoted imperatives.<ref name="quechua"/><ref name="SRL Ev">{{cite journal |last1=San Roque |first1=Lila |title=Evidentiality |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=2019 |volume=48 |pages=353–370 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011243 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Similar to quotative particles, quotative evidentials are usually [[grammaticalization|grammaticalized]] from full lexical verbs.<ref name="Chojnicka Latvian">{{cite journal |last1=Chojnicka |first1=Joanna |title=Latvian verbs of speaking and their relations to evidentiality |journal=Kalbotyra |issue=69 |pages=59–81}}</ref>

[[Nheengatu|Nhêengatú]], a Tupí-Guaraní [[lingua franca]] of North-West Amazonia, has a reported evidential marker ''paá''. An example scenario is as follows: X saw John go fishing. Mary then and asks X where John went. X replies "u-sú u-piniatika" (he went fishing). Later, Peter asks Mary where John went. She replies to Peter that she did not see John go herself, but rather heard it from a different source using the evidential marker "u-sú u-piniatika ''paá.''" <ref name="aikhenvald">Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y (2014). The grammar of knowledge: a cross-linguistic view of evidentials, and the expression of information source. Oxford University Press. p.4-5. {{ISBN|9780198701316}}</ref>

{{interlinear |indent=2 |abbreviations=REP:reported evidential marker
|c1= <ref name="aikhenvald"/>
| u-sú  u-piniatika  '''paá'''
| 3SG-go  3SG-fish  '''REP'''
| "He went fishing (they say/I was told)"
}}

[[File:Quotative Evidential Pitas Inesqa watukusqa.png|thumb|Quotative Evidential "=si" in Cusco Quechua.]]
[[Tagalog language|Tagalog's]] quotative evidentials are used with imperative quotations.<ref name="quechua" />

{{interlinear |indent=2 |abbreviations=REP:reported evidential marker; INF:infix
|c1= <ref name="quechua" />
| kumain (ka) '''daw'''
| eat.INF (you) '''REP'''
| Someone said: Eat!
}}

[[Cusco Quechua]]'s quotative evidential comes as a derivation of a [[clitic]], ''=si'', for interrogative quotations.<ref name="quechua" />

{{interlinear |indent=2 |abbreviations=REP:reported evidential marker
|c1= <ref name="quechua" />
| pi-ta{{=}}'''s'''  Inés-qa  watuku-sqa
| who-ACC{{=}}'''REP''' Inés-TOP  visit-PST
| 'Someone said: Who did Inés visit?'
}}