Editing Public policy (section)

===== Enforcement =====
{{Further|Enforcement}}
Enforcement mechanisms are a central part of various policies.{{additional citation needed|date=October 2022}} Enforcement mechanisms co-determine natural resource governance outcomes<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yeboah-Assiamah |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Muller |first2=Kobus |last3=Domfeh |first3=Kwame Ameyaw |title=Institutional assessment in natural resource governance: A conceptual overview |journal=Forest Policy and Economics |date=1 January 2017 |volume=74 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/j.forpol.2016.10.006 |bibcode=2017ForPE..74....1Y |language=en |issn=1389-9341}}</ref> and [[pollution]]-related policies may require proper enforcement mechanisms (and often substitutes) to have a positive effect.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dhanshyam |first1=M. |last2=Srivastava |first2=Samir K. |title=Effective policy mix for plastic waste mitigation in India using System Dynamics |journal=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |date=May 2021 |volume=168 |pages=105455 |doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105455 |bibcode=2021RCR...16805455D |s2cid=233569368 |language=en |issn=0921-3449}}</ref> Enforcement may include [[law enforcement]] or combine incentive and disincentive-based policy instruments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Börner |first1=J. |last2=Wunder |first2=S. |last3=Wertz-Kanounnikoff |first3=S. |last4=Hyman |first4=G. |last5=Nascimento |first5=N. |title=Forest law enforcement in the Brazilian Amazon: Costs and income effects |journal=Global Environmental Change |date=1 November 2014 |volume=29 |pages=294–305 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.021 |bibcode=2014GEC....29..294B |language=en |issn=0959-3780}}</ref> A [[meta-analysis]] of [[policy studies]] across multiple policy domains suggests enforcement mechanisms are the "only modifiable treaty design choice" with the potential to improve the mostly low [[effectiveness]] of [[international treaties]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Most international treaties are ineffective, Canadian study finds |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/most-international-treaties-are-ineffective-canadian-study-finds-1.6013086 |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=CTVNews |date=3 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915095030/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/most-international-treaties-are-ineffective-canadian-study-finds-1.6013086 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoffman |first1=Steven J. |last2=Baral |first2=Prativa |last3=Rogers Van Katwyk |first3=Susan |last4=Sritharan |first4=Lathika |last5=Hughsam |first5=Matthew |last6=Randhawa |first6=Harkanwal |last7=Lin |first7=Gigi |last8=Campbell |first8=Sophie |last9=Campus |first9=Brooke |last10=Dantas |first10=Maria |last11=Foroughian |first11=Neda |last12=Groux |first12=Gaëlle |last13=Gunn |first13=Elliot |last14=Guyatt |first14=Gordon |last15=Habibi |first15=Roojin |last16=Karabit |first16=Mina |last17=Karir |first17=Aneesh |last18=Kruja |first18=Krista |last19=Lavis |first19=John N. |last20=Lee |first20=Olivia |last21=Li |first21=Binxi |last22=Nagi |first22=Ranjana |last23=Naicker |first23=Kiyuri |last24=Røttingen |first24=John-Arne |last25=Sahar |first25=Nicola |last26=Srivastava |first26=Archita |last27=Tejpar |first27=Ali |last28=Tran |first28=Maxwell |last29=Zhang |first29=Yu-qing |last30=Zhou |first30=Qi |last31=Poirier |first31=Mathieu J. P. |title=International treaties have mostly failed to produce their intended effects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=9 August 2022 |volume=119 |issue=32 |pages=e2122854119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2122854119 |doi-access=free |pmid=35914153 |pmc=9372541 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11922854H |language=en |issn=0027-8424}}
* University press release: {{cite news |title=Do international treaties actually work? Study says they mostly don't |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-08-international-treaties-dont.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=[[York University]] |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915095030/https://phys.org/news/2022-08-international-treaties-dont.html |url-status=live }}</ref>