Editing Prostate cancer (section)

== Research ==

Prostate cancer is a major topic of ongoing research. From 2016 to 2020, over $1.26 billion was invested in prostate cancer research, representing around 5% of global cancer research funds.{{sfn|McIntosh|Alam|Adams|Boon|2023|loc=Table 1}} This places prostate cancer 10th among 18 common cancer types in funding per cancer death, and 9th in funding per [[disability-adjusted life year]] lost.{{sfn|McIntosh|Alam|Adams|Boon|2023|loc=Table 2}}

Research into prostate cancer relies on a number of laboratory models to test aspects of the disease. Several prostate [[immortalized cell line]]s are widely used, namely the classic lines [[DU145]], [[PC-3]], and [[LNCaP]], as well as more recent cell lines 22Rv1, [[LAPC-4]], [[VCaP]], and MDA-PCa-2a and −2b.{{sfn|Mai|Chin|Foong|Pang|2022|loc="2.1 Human prostate cancer cell lines"}} Research requiring more complex models of the prostate uses [[organoid]]s – clusters of prostate cells that can be grown from human prostate tumors or stem cells.{{sfn|Mai|Chin|Foong|Pang|2022|loc="2.4. Organoids"}} Modeling tumor growth and metastasis requires a [[model organism]], typically a mouse. Researchers can either surgically implant human prostate tumors into immunocompromised mice (a technique called a [[patient derived xenograft]]),{{sfn|Mai|Chin|Foong|Pang|2022|loc="2.2 PDX lines"}} or induce prostate tumors in mice with [[genetic engineering]].{{sfn|Mai|Chin|Foong|Pang|2022|loc="2.3 Genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM)"}} These genetically engineered mouse models typically use a [[Cre recombinase]] system to disrupt [[tumor suppressor]]s or activate [[oncogene]]s specifically in prostate cells.{{sfn|Ittmann|Huang|Radaelli|Martin|2013|loc="Introduction"}} 

{{as of|2024}} studies exploring the relationship between ejaculation frequency and prostate cancer risk are inconclusive and age, urinary health, and lifestyle are important factors to consider.{{sfn|Kokori|Olatunji|Isarinade|Aboje|2024|loc="Abstract"}}{{sfn|Gandaglia|Leni|Bray|Fleshner|2021|loc="3.3.3. Ejaculation frequency and sexual activity"}}