Editing Predation (section)

== Antipredator adaptations ==
{{main|Antipredator adaptation}}

{{multiple image |align=right|image1=Bristol.zoo.dead.leaf.mantis.arp.jpg |width1=190 |caption1=[[Dead leaf mantis]]'s [[camouflage]] makes it less visible to both predators and prey. |image2=Syrphid hoverfly wasp mimic.jpg |width2=157 |caption2=[[Syrphidae|Syrphid hoverfly]] misdirects predators by [[mimicry|mimicking]] a [[wasp]], but has no [[stinger|sting]].}}

To counter predation, prey have evolved defences for use at each stage of an attack.<ref>{{harvnb|Ruxton|Sherratt|Speed|2004|pages=vii–xii}}</ref><ref name=Stevens2010/> They can try to avoid detection,<ref name=CaroCh3>{{harvnb|Caro|2005|pages=67–114}}</ref> such as by using [[camouflage]] and [[mimicry]].<ref name="Merilaita Scott-Samuel Cuthill p=20160341">{{cite journal |last1=Merilaita |first1=Sami |last2=Scott-Samuel |first2=Nicholas E. |last3=Cuthill |first3=Innes C. | author3-link=Innes Cuthill |title=How camouflage works |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=372 |issue=1724 | date=22 May 2017 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2016.0341 |pmid=28533458 |pmc=5444062 }}</ref> They can detect predators<ref name=Caro13>{{harvnb|Caro|2005|pages=13–15}}</ref> and warn others of their presence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bergstrom |first1=C. T. |last2=Lachmann |first2=M. |year=2001 |title=Alarm calls as costly signals of antipredator vigilance: the watchful babbler game |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=535–543 |doi=10.1006/anbe.2000.1636 |s2cid=2295026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Getty |first=T. |date=2002 |title=The discriminating babbler meets the optimal diet hawk |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=397–402 |doi=10.1006/anbe.2001.1890|s2cid=53164940 }}</ref>
If detected, they can try to avoid being the target of an attack, for example, by [[Aposematism|signalling that they are toxic or unpalatable]],<ref>{{harvnb|Cott|1940|pages=241–307}}</ref><ref name=Bowers1985>{{cite journal |last1=Bowers |first1=M. D. |last2=Brown |first2=Irene L. |last3=Wheye |first3=Darryl |year=1985 |title=Bird Predation as a Selective Agent in a Butterfly Population |journal=Evolution |volume=39 |issue=1|pages=93–103 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb04082.x |pmid=28563638 | s2cid=12031679 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Berenbaum1995>{{cite journal |last=Berenbaum |first=M. R. |title=The chemistry of defense: theory and practice |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=92 |issue=1 | date=3 January 1995 |pmid=7816816 |pmc=42807 |pages=2–8|doi=10.1073/pnas.92.1.2 |bibcode=1995PNAS...92....2B |doi-access=free }}</ref> by signalling that a chase would be unprofitable,<ref name=Ruxton70>{{harvnb|Ruxton|Sherratt|Speed|2004|pages=70–81}}</ref><ref name=Caro1986>{{harvnb|Caro|2005|pages=663–684}}</ref> or by forming groups.<ref name=BeauchampCh3>{{harvnb|Beauchamp|2012|pages=83–88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Krause |first1=Jens |last2=Ruxton |first2=Graeme D. |title=Living in groups |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198508182 |pages=13–15|date=10 October 2002 }}</ref> If they become a target, they can try to fend off the attack with defences such as armour, [[Spine (zoology)|quills]], unpalatability, or mobbing;<ref name=RuxtonSherrattSpeed2004>{{harvnb|Ruxton|Sherratt|Speed|2004|pages=54–55}}</ref><ref name="Dominey">{{cite journal |last=Dominey |first=Wallace J. |year=1983 |title=Mobbing in Colonially Nesting Fishes, Especially the Bluegill, ''Lepomis macrochirus'' |journal=Copeia |volume=1983 |issue=4 |pages=1086–1088 |doi=10.2307/1445113 |jstor=1445113}}</ref><ref name=Brodie2009>{{cite journal |last=Brodie |first=Edmund D. |title=Toxins and venoms |journal=Current Biology |volume=19 |issue=20 |pages=R931–R935 |date=3 November 2009 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.011 |pmid=19889364 |s2cid=9744565 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009CBio...19.R931B }}</ref> and they can often escape an attack in progress by [[deimatic behaviour|startling]] the predator,<ref>{{harvnb|Cott|1940|pages=368–389}}</ref><ref name=Merilaita2011>{{Cite journal |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=1326–1331 | date=26 July 2011 |last1=Merilaita |first1=Sami |title=Number of eyespots and their intimidating effect on naïve predators in the peacock butterfly |journal=Behavioral Ecology |last2=Vallin |first2=Adrian  |author3=Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa |author4=Dimitrova, Marina |author5=Ruuskanen, Suvi |author6=Laaksonen, Toni |display-authors=3 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arr135 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Springer>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_863 |chapter=Deimatic Behavior |title=Encyclopedia of Entomology |date=2008 |last1=Cumming |first1=Jeffrey M. |last2=Sinclair |first2=Bradley J. |last3=Triplehorn |first3=Charles A. |last4=Aldryhim |first4=Yousif |last5=Galante |first5=Eduardo |last6=Marcos-Garcia |first6=Ma Angeles |last7=Edmunds |first7=Malcolm |last8=Edmunds |first8=Malcolm |last9=Lounibos |first9=L. Phillip |last10=Frank |first10=J. Howard |last11=Showler |first11=Allan T. |last12=Yu |first12=Simon J. |last13=Capinera |first13=John L. |last14=Heppner |first14=John B. |last15=Philogène |first15=Bernard J. R. |last16=Lapointe |first16=Stephen L. |last17=Capinera |first17=John L. |last18=Capinera |first18=John L. |last19=Nayar |first19=Jai K. |last20=Goettel |first20=Mark S. |last21=Nation |first21=James L. |last22=Heppner |first22=John B. |last23=Negron |first23=Jose F. |last24=Heppner |first24=John B. |last25=Kondratieff |first25=Boris C. |last26=Schöning |first26=Caspar |last27=Stewart |first27=Kenneth W. |last28=Aldryhim |first28=Yousif |last29=Heppner |first29=John B. |last30=Hangay |first30=George |pages=1173–1174 |isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1 }}</ref> [[Thanatosis|playing dead]], [[autotomy|shedding body parts]] such as tails, or simply fleeing.<ref>{{harvnb|Caro|2005|pages=v–xi, 4–5}}</ref><ref name=CaroCh12>{{harvnb|Caro|2005|page=413–414}}</ref>