Editing Pope Leo XIII (section)

====United Kingdom====

Among the activities of Leo XIII that were important for the English-speaking world, he [[Restoration of the Scottish hierarchy|restored the Scottish hierarchy]] in 1878. The following year, on 12 May 1879, he raised to the rank of [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] the convert theologian [[John Henry Newman]],<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Martire |first=Egilberto |date=1951 |title=Enciclopedia Cattolica |trans-title=Catholic Encyclopedia |language=it|location=Firenze |publisher=[[Sansoni (publisher)|Casa Editrice G. C. Sansoni]] |volume=7}}</ref> who would eventually be [[beatification|beatified]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2010 and [[canonization|canonized]] by [[Pope Francis]] in 2019. In [[British India]], too, Leo established a Catholic hierarchy in 1886 and regulated some longstanding conflicts with the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese authorities]]. A papal [[rescript]] (20 April 1888) condemned the Irish [[Plan of Campaign#Papal Encyclical 1888|Plan of Campaign]] and all clerical involvement in it as well as boycotting, followed in June by the papal encyclical "Saepe Nos"<ref>{{Citation |last=Pecci |first=Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi |author-link=Pope Leo XIII |publisher=New Advent |url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_le13sn.htm |title=Sæpe nos |language=la}}.</ref> that was addressed to all the Irish bishops. Of outstanding significance, not least for the English-speaking world, was Leo's encyclical ''[[Apostolicae curae]]'' on the invalidity of the Anglican orders, published in 1896. In 1899, he declared the Venerable [[Bede]] a [[Doctor of the Church]].