Editing Politics of China (section)

==International organizations==
On 26 October 1971, the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] adopted [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|Resolution 2758]] to transfer the seat from the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan to the People's Republic of China (PRC).<ref name=":02">{{Citation |last=Kent |first=Ann |title=China's participation in international organisations |date=2013 |work=Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy |pages=132–166 |editor-last=Zhang |editor-first=Yongjin |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-925021-41-7 |jstor=j.ctt5vj73b.11 |editor2-last=Austin |editor2-first=Greg |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

=== United Nations ===
{{Main|China and the United Nations}}
Today, not only is China a part of many UN organizations, it is also one of the five [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent members]] of the UN Security Council. A memo done by the [[United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission|U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission]] identified Chinese nationals serving in leadership position within international organizations signifies China's increasing involvement in the international arena.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=PRC Representation in International Organizations |url=https://www.uscc.gov/prc-international-orgs |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=[[United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission]] |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514143153/https://www.uscc.gov/prc-international-orgs |url-status=live }}</ref> For instance, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), [[International Civil Aviation Organization|International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)]], [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)]], Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and so on are all organizations that Chinese nationals are currently in position of (The memo is updated on a semi-annual basis).<ref name=":03" />

=== Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) ===
{{See also|List of non-governmental organizations in China}}
Although NGO development in China is relatively slow compared to other countries, a Harvard University academic study reveals that China had NGOs as early as during the Dynasties. Specifically in the forms of American missionaries, which assisted in rural reconstruction programs and ideological reforms locally.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomson |first=James Claude |title=While China faced West : American reformers in Nationalist China, 1928–1937. James C. Thomson, Jr. |date=1969 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-95135-2 |oclc=462172943}}</ref> After the establishment of The People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, Mao banned any NGOs that were related to counter revolutionary goals. During the reform era under Deng beginning the 1970s, NGOs although not completely banned, three laws were implemented to keep relatively tight control over them––the Regulations on the Registration and Management of Social Organizations, the Regulations on the Registration and Management of Foundations, and the Interim Provisions for the Administration of Foreign Chambers of Commerce in China.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |last=Ye |first=Zhang |date=1 Aug 2003 |title=China's Emerging Civil Society |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/chinas-emerging-civil-society/ |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=[[Brookings Institution]] |language=en-US |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308221843/https://www.brookings.edu/research/chinas-emerging-civil-society/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The latter two were implemented after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, and the general tone of all the regulations emphasized government control. For instance, the regulations require a two-tiered management system, in which before being legally registered by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, a government agency must sponsor the organization; thus, two governmental agencies must be monitoring the day-to-day operations of the NGO.<ref name=":04" /> However, in the 1990s, NGOs began to regain momentum despite restrictions in place.<ref name=":04" /> Today, the number of registered organizations in China has grown to over 700,000, "... including many professional and friendship associations, foundations working in the fields of education, science, and culture, and a large number of nonprofits engaged in poverty alleviation, social work with people with disabilities, children, and the elderly. The number of nonprofits and environmental education and climate action groups has also significantly grown".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuhn|first=Berthold|date=11 June 2019|title=Civil society in China: A snapshot of discourses, legislation, and social realities|url=https://doc-research.org/2019/06/civil-society-in-china-a-snapshot-of-discourses-legislation-and-social-realities/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Dialogue of Civilization (DOC) Research Institute|language=en-US|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603214810/https://doc-research.org/2019/06/civil-society-in-china-a-snapshot-of-discourses-legislation-and-social-realities/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, a policy called "Management of Overseas NGOs' Activities in Mainland China Law" (FNGO Law) was enacted, which creates registration barriers that, for instance, require a Chinese partner organization to sign on. The reaction from the West has widely been that the space for NGOs to conduct work in may be shrinking.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lang |first1=Bertram |last2=Holbig |first2=Heike |date=2018 |title=Civil Society Work in China:: Trade-Offs and Opportunities for European NGOs |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/civil-society-work-in-china-trade-offs-and-opportunities-for-european-ng-os |publisher=[[German Institute of Global and Area Studies]] |jstor=resrep24803 |jstor-access=free |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116230230/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/civil-society-work-in-china-trade-offs-and-opportunities-for-european-ng-os/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many NGOs in the PRC have been described as [[government-organized non-governmental organization]] (GONGOs) that are organized under the CCP's [[United front (China)|united front]] system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedasiuk |first=Ryan |date=2022-04-13 |title=How China's united front system works overseas |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/how-chinas-united-front-system-works-overseas/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=The Strategist |publisher=[[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] |language=en-AU |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413020633/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/how-chinas-united-front-system-works-overseas/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":07">{{Cite news |last1=Sotoudeh |first1=Nazpari |last2=Stefano |first2=Erica |date=September 29, 2021 |title=Free speech risky as China keeps close tabs on its overseas students |work=[[Eurasianet]] |url=https://eurasianet.org/free-speech-risky-as-china-keeps-close-tabs-on-its-overseas-students |access-date=October 2, 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929190510/https://eurasianet.org/free-speech-risky-as-china-keeps-close-tabs-on-its-overseas-students |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=French |first=Paul |date=February 4, 2012 |title=China Briefing Part 3: Civil society - The land of the Gongo |url=https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/stakeholder-engagement/china-briefing-part-3-civil-society-land-gongo |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001153217/https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/stakeholder-engagement/china-briefing-part-3-civil-society-land-gongo |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce]] (ACFIC) is a [[people's organization]] and [[chamber of commerce]] established in 1953.<ref name=":Zhang">{{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Angela Huyue |title=High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9780197682258 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001}}</ref>{{Rp|page=167}} The ACFIC was established to advance the CCP's interests and promote the party's policies among private entrepreneurs.<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|page=167}} It seeks to influence policy through submitting proposals to the CPPCC, a process which requires relevant government ministries to investigate the proposals and prepare a formal response.<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|page=167}}

The [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]] (ACFTU) advocates for workers' interests within the CCP and the government.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Ken |title=China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future |publisher=1804 Books |year=2023 |isbn=9781736850084 |location=New York, NY |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=130}} It also seeks to address occupational health and safety issues and carries on industrial policy oversight.<ref name=":322" />{{Rp|page=84}} It is the country's sole legal workers union.<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|page=161}} The CCP controls the appointment of ACFTU officials at the regional and national levels.<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|page=161}}