Editing Pipe organ (section)

==Repertoire==
{{Main|Organ repertoire|List of organ composers}}

The main development of organ repertoire has progressed along with that of the organ itself, leading to distinctive national styles of composition. Because organs are commonly found in churches and synagogues, the organ repertoire includes a large amount of [[religious music|sacred music]], which is accompanimental (choral [[anthem]]s, congregational [[hymn]]s, [[liturgy|liturgical]] elements, etc.) as well as solo in nature ([[chorale prelude]]s, hymn versets designed for ''[[alternatim]]'' use, etc.).<ref name=Rollin /> The organ's [[secular music|secular]] repertoire includes [[prelude (music)|preludes]], [[fugue]]s, [[sonata (music)|sonatas]], organ symphonies, suites, and [[transcription (music)|transcriptions]] of orchestral works.

Although most countries whose music falls into the Western tradition have contributed to the organ repertoire, France and Germany in particular have produced exceptionally large amounts of organ music. There is also an extensive repertoire from the Netherlands, England, and the United States.

<gallery widths="180px" heights="200px">
File:Johann Sebastian Bach.jpg|The organ music of [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] (by [[Elias Gottlob Haussmann|Haussmann]], {{circa|1748}}) forms an important part of the instrument's repertoire.
File:Cesar Franck At Organ.jpg|[[César Franck]] (by [[Jeanne Rongier|Rongier]], 1888) at the console of the organ at [[Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris|Saint Clotilde]], Paris
File:CSaint-Saens.jpg|[[Camille Saint-Saëns]] (by [[Nadar]]) famously included a prominent organ part in his [[Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saëns)|Symphony No. 3]], which is thus sometimes known as the ''Organ Symphony''
File:Olivier Messiaen (1986).jpg|The composer [[Olivier Messiaen]] (1986) championed an innovative and unprecedented approach to organ music
</gallery>

===Early music===
Before the Baroque era, keyboard music generally was not written for one instrument or another, but rather was written to be played on ''any'' keyboard instrument. For this reason, much of the organ's repertoire through the Renaissance period is the same as that of the [[harpsichord]]. Pre-Renaissance keyboard music is found in compiled manuscripts that may include compositions from a variety of regions. The oldest of these sources is the [[Robertsbridge Codex]], dating from about 1360.<ref>Caldwell, John (2007). "Sources of keyboard music to 1660, §2: Individual sources". In L. Macy (Ed.), ''[http://www.grovemusic.com/ Grove Music Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/ |date=16 May 2008 }}'' (subscription required). Retrieved on 7 May 2008.</ref> The Buxheimer Orgelbuch, which dates from about 1470 and was compiled in Germany, includes [[intabulation]]s of vocal music by the English composer [[John Dunstaple]].<ref>Cox, 190.</ref> The earliest Italian organ music is found in the [[Faenza Codex]], dating from 1420.<ref>Stembridge, 148.</ref>

In the Renaissance period, Dutch composers such as [[Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck]] composed both [[fantasia (music)|fantasias]] and psalm settings. Sweelinck in particular developed a rich collection of keyboard figuration that influenced subsequent composers.<ref>Webber, 224.</ref> The Italian composer [[Claudio Merulo]] wrote in the typical Italian genres of the [[toccata]], the [[canzona]], and the [[ricercar]].<ref>Stembridge, 160.</ref> In Spain, the works of [[Antonio de Cabezón]] began the most prolific period of Spanish organ composition,<ref name="c1750">Caldwell, John (2007). "Keyboard music, §I: Keyboard music to c1750". In L. Macy (Ed.), ''[http://www.grovemusic.com/ Grove Music Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/ |date=16 May 2008 }}'' (subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</ref> which culminated with [[Juan Cabanilles]].

===Common practice period===
[[File:Robert Huw Morgan Bach FugueG.ogv|thumb|right|[[Robert Huw Morgan]] plays Bach's [[Great Fantasia and Fugue in G minor, BWV 542|Fantasia and Fugue in G minor]] on the Fisk-Nanney organ at the [[Stanford Memorial Church]] in [[Stanford, California]].]]
Early Baroque organ music in Germany was highly [[counterpoint|contrapuntal]]. Sacred organ music was based on chorales: composers such as [[Samuel Scheidt]] and [[Heinrich Scheidemann]] wrote chorale preludes, [[chorale fantasia]]s, and [[chorale motet]]s.<ref name="c1750" /> Near the end of the Baroque era, the chorale prelude and the partita became mixed, forming the [[chorale partita]].<ref>McLean, Hugh J. (2007). "Böhm, Georg". In L. Macy (Ed.), ''[http://www.grovemusic.com/ Grove Music Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/ |date=16 May 2008 }}'' (subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</ref> This genre was developed by [[Georg Böhm]], [[Johann Pachelbel]], and [[Dieterich Buxtehude]]. The primary type of free-form piece in this period was the [[Prelude (music)|praeludium]], as exemplified in the works of [[Matthias Weckmann]], [[Nicolaus Bruhns]], Böhm, and Buxtehude.<ref>Ledbetter, David (2007). "Prelude". In L. Macy (Ed.), ''[http://www.grovemusic.com/ Grove Music Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/ |date=16 May 2008 }}'' (subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</ref> The organ music of [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] fused characteristics of every national tradition and historical style in his large-scale preludes and fugues and chorale-based works.<ref>[[David Yearsley|Yearsley, David]] (1999). "The organ music of J. S. Bach". In Nicholas Thistlethwaite & Geoffrey Webber (Eds.), ''[[Cambridge Companions to Music|The Cambridge Companion to the Organ]]'', p. 236. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> [[George Frideric Handel]] composed the first [[organ concerto]]s.<ref>Lang, Paul Henry (1971). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/740880 Michael Haydn: Duo Concertante for viola and organ. Joseph Haydn: Organ Concerto in C major] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422133020/http://www.jstor.org/stable/740880 |date=22 April 2016 }}". ''The Musical Quarterly'' '''57''' (1). Retrieved on 10 July 2007.</ref>

In France, organ music developed during the Baroque era through the music of [[Jean Titelouze]], [[François Couperin]], and [[Nicolas de Grigny]].<ref>Higginbottom, 177, 189.</ref> Because the French organ of the 17th and early 18th centuries was very standardized, a conventional set of [[registration (organ)|registrations]] developed for its repertoire. The music of French composers (and Italian composers such as [[Girolamo Frescobaldi]]) was written for use during the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]. Very little secular organ music was composed in France and Italy during the Baroque period; the written repertoire is almost exclusively intended for liturgical use.<ref>Higginbottom, 178–181.</ref> In England, composers such as [[John Blow]] and [[John Stanley (composer)|John Stanley]] wrote multi-sectional free works for liturgical use called ''[[Voluntary (music)|voluntaries]]'' through the 19th century.<ref>Cox, 198.</ref><ref>McCrea, 279.</ref>

Organ music was seldom written in the Classical era, as composers preferred the piano with its ability to create dynamics.<ref name="romantic">Owen, Barbara (2007). "Keyboard music, §II: Organ music from c1750". In L. Macy (Ed.), ''[http://www.grovemusic.com/ Grove Music Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/ |date=16 May 2008 }}'' (subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</ref> In Germany, the [[Organ sonatas op. 65 (Mendelssohn)|six sonatas op. 65]] of [[Felix Mendelssohn]] (published 1845) marked the beginning of a renewed interest in composing for the organ. Inspired by the newly built [[Cavaillé-Coll]] organs, the French organist-composers [[César Franck]], [[Alexandre Guilmant]] and [[Charles-Marie Widor]] led organ music into the symphonic realm.<ref name="romantic" /> The development of symphonic organ music continued with [[Louis Vierne]] and [[Charles Tournemire]]. Widor and Vierne wrote large-scale, multi-movement works called ''[[Organ Symphony|organ symphonies]]'' that exploited the full possibilities of the symphonic organ,<ref>Brooks, Gerard (1999). "French and Belgian organ music after 1800". In Nicholas Thistlethwaite & Geoffrey Webber (Eds.), ''The Cambridge Companion to the Organ'', pp. 274–275. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> such as Widor's [[Symphony for Organ No. 6]] and Vierne's [[Organ Symphony No. 3 (Vierne)|Organ Symphony No. 3]]. [[Max Reger]] and [[Sigfrid Karg-Elert]]'s symphonic works made use of the abilities of the large Romantic organs then built in Germany.<ref name="romantic" />

[[File:Flight of the Bumblebee on Pipe Organ Pedals.webm|thumb|right|[[Carol Williams (organist)|Carol Williams]] performs "[[Flight of the Bumblebee]]" by [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] at the [[United States Military Academy]] [[West Point Cadet Chapel]].]]
In the 19th and 20th centuries, organ builders began to build instruments in concert halls and other large secular venues, allowing the organ to be used as part of an orchestra, as in Saint-Saëns' [[Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saëns)|Symphony No. 3]] (sometimes known as the ''Organ Symphony'').<ref name="romantic" /> Frequently the organ is given a soloistic part, such as in [[Joseph Jongen]]'s ''Symphonie Concertante for Organ & Orchestra'', [[Francis Poulenc]]'s ''[[Organ Concerto in G minor (Poulenc)|Concerto for Organ, Strings and Tympani]]'', and Frigyes Hidas' Organ Concerto.

===Modern and contemporary===
Other composers who have used the organ prominently in orchestral music include [[Gustav Holst]], [[Richard Strauss]], [[Ottorino Respighi]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Anton Bruckner]], and [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]].<ref>Barone, Michael (2004). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20050326113612/http://pipedreams.publicradio.org/articles/0503_what_to_play.shtml Pipe organs are popping up in concert halls nationwide. Now—what to play on them?]". ''Symphony magazine'', Nov–Dec 2004. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.</ref> Because these concert hall instruments could approximate the sounds of symphony orchestras, [[transcription (music)|transcriptions]] of orchestral works found a place in the organ repertoire.<ref>Lozenz, James Edward (2006). "Organ Transcriptions and the Late Romantic Period". In ''[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04052006-155413/unrestricted/LORENZTREATISE.pdf An Organ Transcription of the Messe in C, op. 169 by Josef Gabriel Rheinberger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154753/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04052006-155413/unrestricted/LORENZTREATISE.pdf |date=27 September 2007 }}'' (PDF). Florida State University College of Music. Retrieved on 19 June 2007.</ref> As [[silent film]]s became popular, [[theatre organ]]s were installed in [[movie theater|theatres]] to provide accompaniment for the films.<ref name="romantic" />

In the 20th-century symphonic repertoire, both sacred and secular,<ref>Glück, Sebastian Matthäus (2003). "[http://www.albany.edu/piporg-l/FS/sg.html Literature-based reed assignment in organ design] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010745/http://www.albany.edu/piporg-l/FS/sg.html |date=12 March 2007 }}". PIPORG-L. Retrieved on 19 June 2007.</ref> continued to progress through the music of [[Marcel Dupré]], [[Maurice Duruflé]], and [[Herbert Howells]].<ref name="romantic" /> Other composers, such as [[Olivier Messiaen]], [[György Ligeti]], [[Jehan Alain]], [[Jean Langlais]], [[Gerd Zacher]], and [[Petr Eben]], wrote post-tonal organ music.<ref name="romantic" /> Messiaen's music in particular redefined many of the traditional notions of organ registration and technique.<ref>Galuska, Andrew R. (2001). "[http://www.uh.edu/~tkoozin/projects/galuska/andrewgaluska.html Messiaen's organ registration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903113448/http://www.uh.edu/~tkoozin/projects/galuska/andrewgaluska.html |date=3 September 2007 }}". Moore's School of Music: University of Houston. Retrieved on 19 June 2007.</ref>

[[Albert Schweitzer]] was an organist who studied the music of German composer Johann Sebastian Bach and influenced the [[Organ reform movement]].

Film composer [[Hans Zimmer]] prominently used the pipe organ in his score for the movie ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]''. The final recording took place in London's Temple Church on a 1926 four-manual Harrison and Harrison organ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church organ playing Hans Zimmer's epic 'Interstellar' theme makes our world feel tiny |url=https://www.classicfm.com/composers/zimmer/church-organ-interstellar-theme-makes-world-feel-tiny/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Classic FM |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608100747/https://www.classicfm.com/composers/zimmer/church-organ-interstellar-theme-makes-world-feel-tiny/ |url-status=live }}</ref>