Editing Philosophy of science (section)

===Continental philosophy===
Philosophers in the [[continental philosophy|continental philosophical tradition]] are not traditionally categorized{{by whom|date=March 2019}} as philosophers of science. However, they have much to say about science, some of which has anticipated themes in the analytical tradition. For example, in [[On the Genealogy of Morality|''The Genealogy of Morals'']] (1887) [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] advanced the thesis that the motive for the search for truth in sciences is a kind of ascetic ideal.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Hatab|first= Lawrence J.|title= How Does the Ascetic Ideal Function in Nietzsche's ''Genealogy''?|journal= The Journal of Nietzsche Studies|volume= 35|date= 2008|issue= 35/36|pages= 106–123|doi= 10.2307/jnietstud.35.2008.0106|s2cid= 170630145|url= https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/psup/nietzsche-studies/article-pdf/35-36/1/106/1334121/jnietstud_35_2008_106.pdf|access-date= 2019-10-22|doi-access= free}}</ref>

In general, continental philosophy views science from a [[World history (field)|world-historical]] perspective. Philosophers such as [[Pierre Duhem]] (1861–1916) and [[Gaston Bachelard]] (1884–1962) wrote their works with this world-historical approach to science, predating Kuhn's 1962 work by a generation or more. All of these approaches involve a historical and sociological turn to science, with a priority on lived experience (a kind of Husserlian [[Lifeworld|"life-world"]]), rather than a progress-based or anti-historical approach as emphasised in the analytic tradition. One can trace this continental strand of thought through the [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] of [[Edmund Husserl]] (1859–1938), the late works of [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty|Merleau-Ponty]] (''Nature: Course Notes from the Collège de France'', 1956–1960), and the [[hermeneutics]] of [[Martin Heidegger]] (1889–1976).<ref name="Gutting">Gutting, Gary (2004), ''Continental Philosophy of Science'', Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, MA.</ref>

The largest effect on the continental tradition with respect to science came from Martin Heidegger's critique of the [[present-at-hand|theoretical attitude]] in general, which of course includes the scientific attitude.<ref name="Wheeler2015">{{cite web |url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/ |title = Martin Heidegger |access-date = 2015-10-29 |last = Wheeler |first = Michael |year = 2015 |website = Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016055622/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/ |archive-date = 2015-10-16 |url-status = live }}</ref> For this reason, the continental tradition has remained much more skeptical of the importance of science in [[human life (disambiguation)|human life]] and in philosophical inquiry. Nonetheless, there have been a number of important works: especially those of a Kuhnian precursor, [[Alexandre Koyré]] (1892–1964). Another important development was that of [[Michel Foucault]]'s analysis of historical and scientific thought in ''[[The Order of Things]]'' (1966) and his study of power and corruption within the "science" of [[Insanity|madness]].<ref>{{cite book
 | last1 = Foucault
 | first1 = Michel
 | author-link1 = Michel Foucault
 | year = 1961
 | translator1-last = Murphy
 | translator1-first = Jonathan
 | translator2-last = Khalfa
 | translator2-first = Jean
 | editor1-last = Khalfa
 | editor1-first = Jean
 | title = History of Madness
 | trans-title = Folie et Déraison: Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OT-VBQAAQBAJ
 | location = London
 | publisher = Routledge
 | publication-date = 2013
 | isbn = 9781134473809
 | access-date = 3 Mar 2019
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190715083016/https://books.google.com/books?id=OT-VBQAAQBAJ
 | archive-date = 15 July 2019
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> Post-Heideggerian authors contributing to continental philosophy of science in the second half of the 20th century include [[Jürgen Habermas]] (e.g., ''Truth and Justification'', 1998), [[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker]] (''The Unity of Nature'', 1980; {{langx |de| Die Einheit der Natur}} (1971)), and [[Wolfgang Stegmüller]] (''Probleme und Resultate der Wissenschaftstheorie und Analytischen Philosophie'', 1973–1986).
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