Editing Petra (section)

== Conservation ==
{{see also|List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan}}
[[file:Al khazneh.jpg|thumb|Night event at [[Al-Khazneh]]]]
[[file:TreasuryPetra.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Al-Khazneh]], the most popular tourist attraction]]

The [[Bedul]] (Petra [[Bedouin]]) were forcibly resettled from their cave dwellings in Petra to Umm Sayhoun/Um Seihun by the Jordanian government in 1985, prior to the UNESCO designation process.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":5" /> They were provided with block-built housing with some infrastructure including in particular a sewage and drainage system. Among the six communities in the Petra Region, Umm Sayhoun is one of the smaller communities. The village of Wadi Musa is the largest in the area, inhabited largely by the Layathnah Bedouin, and is now the closest settlement to the visitor centre, the main entrance via the Siq and the archaeological site generally. Umm Sayhoun gives access to the 'back route' into the site, the Wadi Turkmaniyeh pedestrian route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.go2petra.com/guide_inside_clickmap.htm|title=Map of the area| website= go2petra.com |access-date= 2015-06-04|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180313061923/http://www.go2petra.com/guide_inside_clickmap.htm| archive-date= 2018-03-13| url-status= dead}}</ref>

On December 6, 1985, Petra was designated a [[World Heritage Site]]. In a popular poll in 2007, it was also named one of the [[New 7 Wonders of the World]]. The Petra Archaeological Park (PAP) became an autonomous legal entity over the management of this site in August 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://visitpetra.jo/Pages/viewpage.aspx?pageID=129|title=Archeological Park|website=VisitPetra.jo|access-date=2018-12-25|archive-date=2018-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902223532/http://visitpetra.jo/Pages/viewpage.aspx?pageID=129|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Urn Tomb, Petra 01.jpg|thumb|The Urn Tomb]]

The Bedoul belong to one of the Bedouin tribes whose cultural heritage and traditional skills were proclaimed by UNESCO on the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Intangible Cultural Heritage List]] in 2005 and inscribed<ref name=bedu>{{cite web | title= The Cultural Space of the Bedu in Petra and Wadi Rum | url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00122 | publisher= UNESCO Culture Sector | access-date= 2015-06-02 | archive-date= 2015-11-05 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151105112951/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00122 | url-status= live }}</ref> in 2008.

In 2011, following an 11-month project planning phase, the Petra Development and Tourism Region Authority in association with DesignWorkshop and JCP s.r.l published a Strategic Master Plan that guides planned development of the Petra Region. This is intended to guide planned development of the Petra Region in an efficient, balanced and sustainable way over the next 20 years for the benefit of the local population and of Jordan in general. As part of this, a Strategic Plan was developed for Umm Sayhoun and surrounding areas.<!-- <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pdtra.gov.jo/SchemeFiles/English/communities%2520master%2520plans/Umm%2520Sayhoun%2520Strategy.pdf&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&ei=hUxsVY_FLsuNsgHv7aHoAw&ved=0CBQQFjAA&usg=AFQjCNHSZAz2PGlfOtLIHYBNhXxtIjoPTA |work= pdtra.gov.jo| publisher= Development and Tourism Region Authority in association with DesignWorkshop and JCP s.r.l. |title=Strategic Plan for Umm Sayhoun and surrounding areas |date=February 2017}}</ref> --><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pdtra.gov.jo/UploadedFiles/PDETRA_Folder/English/communities%20master%20plans/Umm%20Sayhoun%20Strategy.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230718031417/http://www.pdtra.gov.jo/UploadedFiles/PDETRA_Folder/English/communities%20master%20plans/Umm%20Sayhoun%20Strategy.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 18, 2023 |work= pdtra.gov.jo| publisher= Petra Development and Tourism Region Authority in Association with DesignWorkshop and JCP s.r.l. |title=Strategic Plan for Umm Sayhoun and surrounding areas |access-date=8 April 2017 }}</ref>

The process of developing the Strategic Plan considered the area's needs from five points of view:

* A socio-economic perspective
* The perspective of Petra Archaeological Park
* The perspective of Petra's tourism product
* A land use perspective
* An environmental perspective

The site suffers from a host of threats, including collapse of ancient structures, erosion due to flooding and improper rainwater drainage, weathering from salt upwelling,<ref>{{cite journal| last1= Heinrichs| first1= K.| last2= Azzam| first2= R.| title= Investigation of salt weathering on stone monuments by use of a modern wireless sensor network exemplified for the rock-cut monuments in Petra / Jordan&nbsp;– a research project| journal= International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era| volume= 1| number= 2 | date= June 2012| pages= 191–216| doi= 10.1260/2047-4970.1.2.191}}</ref> improper restoration of ancient structures, and unsustainable tourism.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.icomos.org/risk/2004/jordan2004.pdf |title= Heritage at Risk 2004/2005: Petra |website=icomos.org |access-date= 27 March 2017 |archive-date= 8 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160308175559/http://www.icomos.org/risk/2004/jordan2004.pdf |url-status= live}}</ref> The last has increased substantially, especially since the site received widespread media coverage in 2007 during the [[New7Wonders of the World|New 7 Wonders of the World]] Internet and cellphone campaign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-11/03/content_7006318.htm |title=Heritage Conservation Grips Jordan's Petra Amid Booming Tourism |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date=November 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090918212011/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-11/03/content_7006318.htm |archive-date= September 18, 2009}}</ref> Tourism has steadily grown, with Petra receiving 1.2 million total visitors in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petra Visitors - Visit Petra |url=https://visitpetra.jo/DetailsPage/VisitPetra/StatisticsDetailsEn.aspx?PID=5 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=visitpetra.jo }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In an attempt to reduce the problems, the [[Petra National Trust]] (PNT) was established in 1989. It has worked with numerous local and international organisations on projects that promote the protection, conservation, and preservation of the Petra site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petranationaltrust.org/UI/ShowContent.aspx?ContentId=1 |title=Petra National Trust-About |website= petranationaltrust.org |access-date=2011-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111228122554/http://petranationaltrust.org/ui/ShowContent.aspx?ContentId=1 |archive-date= 2011-12-28 }}<!-- Live again 30 March 2017 --></ref> Moreover, UNESCO and ICOMOS recently collaborated to publish their first book on human and natural threats to the sensitive World Heritage sites. They chose Petra as its first and the most important example of threatened landscapes. The presentation ''Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra: Driver to Development or Destruction?'' (2012) was the first in a series to address the very nature of these deteriorating buildings, cities, sites, and regions.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://openarchive.icomos.org/1208/1/III-1-Article2_Comer_Willems.pdf| first1= Douglas C.| last1= Comer| first2= Willem J. H.| last2= Willems| title= Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra: Driver to Development or Destruction?| website= icomos.org| access-date= 2015-09-10| archive-date= 2016-03-04| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064044/http://openarchive.icomos.org/1208/1/III-1-Article2_Comer_Willems.pdf| url-status= live}}</ref>

[[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) released a video in 2018 highlighting the abuse of working animals in Petra. PETA claimed that animals are forced to carry tourists or pull carriages every day. The video showed handlers beating and whipping working animals, with beatings intensifying when animals faltered. PETA also showed some wounded animals, including camels with fly-infested, open wounds.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42692743 |title=Jordan urged to end animal mistreatment at Petra site |last=Usher |first=Sebastian |date=January 16, 2018 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |access-date=February 28, 2018 |archive-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213133231/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42692743 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jordanian authority running the site responded by proposing a veterinary clinic, and by undertaking to spread awareness among animal handlers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jordantimes.com/news/local/stakeholders-take-steps-address-animal-abuse-petra |title=Stakeholders take steps to address animal abuse in Petra |first=Saeb |last=Rawashdeh |work=The Jordan Times |access-date=19 April 2018 |date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183636/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/stakeholders-take-steps-address-animal-abuse-petra |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, more video released by PETA indicated that conditions for the animals had not improved and, in 2021, the organization was running what appeared to be the only veterinary clinic in the area.<ref>"PETA says 'donkeys need to be banned' after new video reveals animals being abused at Petra site in Jordan," [https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/peta-says-donkeys-banned-video-150000063.html?guccounter=1 Yahoo.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718040417/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/peta-says-donkeys-banned-video-150000063.html?guccounter=1 |date=2023-07-18 }}, 8 February 2020.</ref><ref>"PETA veterinary clinic in Petra is the only facility in the area providing free emergency medical care to injured and neglected donkeys, horses, and other animals used to give tourist rides, [https://197lines.com/peta-veterinary-clinic-in-petra-is-the-only-facility-in-the-area-providing-free-emergency-medical-care-to-injured-and-neglected-donkeys-horses-and-other-animals-used-to-give-tourist-rides 197Lines.com], 4 May 2021."</ref>
[[File:Roman Soldier Tomb Facade Petra Jordan1410.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of the Roman Soldier]]]]

Petra is a site at the intersection of [[Natural heritage|natural]] and [[cultural heritage]] forming a unique [[cultural landscape]]. Ever since [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/818416033|title=Petra : Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung "PETRA&nbsp;— Wunder in der Wüste : Auf den Spuren von J.L. Burckhardt alias Scheich Ibrahim" : Eine Ausstellung des Antikenmuseums Basel und Sammlung Ludwig in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities/Department of Antiquities of Jordan und dem Jordan Museum, Amman, Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig, 23. Oktober 2012 bis 17. März 2013 = Batrāʼ|date=2012|publisher=Schwabe|others=Meijden, Ella van der., Schmid, Stephan G., Voegelin, Andreas F., Antikenmuseum Basel., Museum Ludwig.|isbn=978-3-7965-2849-1|location=Basel|pages=15–17|oclc=818416033|access-date=2020-12-08|archive-date=2020-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208135217/https://www.worldcat.org/title/petra-begleitbuch-zur-ausstellung-petra-wunder-in-der-wuste-auf-den-spuren-von-jl-burckhardt-alias-scheich-ibrahim-eine-ausstellung-des-antikenmuseums-basel-und-sammlung-ludwig-in-zusammenarbeit-mit-dem-ministry-of-tourism-and-antiquitiesdepartment-of-antiquities-of-jordan-und-dem-jordan-museum-amman-antikenmuseum-basel-und-sammlung-ludwig-23-oktober-2012-bis-17-marz-2013-batra/oclc/818416033|url-status=live}}</ref> aka Sheikh Ibrahim had re-discovered the ruin city in Petra, Jordan, in 1812, the cultural heritage site has attracted different people who shared an interest in the ancient history and culture of the [[Nabataeans]] such as travellers, pilgrims, painters and savants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meijden|first=Ella van der|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/818416033|title=Petra : Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung "PETRA&nbsp;— Wunder in der Wüste : Auf den Spuren von J.L. Burckhardt alias Scheich Ibrahim" : Eine Ausstellung des Antikenmuseums Basel und Sammlung Ludwig in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities/Department of Antiquities of Jordan und dem Jordan Museum, Amman, Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig, 23. Oktober 2012 bis 17. März 2013 = Batrāʼ|date=2012|publisher=Schwabe|others=Meijden, Ella van der., Schmid, Stephan G., Voegelin, Andreas F., Antikenmuseum Basel., Museum Ludwig.|isbn=978-3-7965-2849-1|location=Basel|pages=39–40|chapter=Reisende und Gelehrte. Die frühe Petra-Forschung nach J. L. Burckhardt|oclc=818416033|access-date=2020-12-08|archive-date=2020-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208135240/https://www.worldcat.org/title/petra-begleitbuch-zur-ausstellung-petra-wunder-in-der-wuste-auf-den-spuren-von-jl-burckhardt-alias-scheich-ibrahim-eine-ausstellung-des-antikenmuseums-basel-und-sammlung-ludwig-in-zusammenarbeit-mit-dem-ministry-of-tourism-and-antiquitiesdepartment-of-antiquities-of-jordan-und-dem-jordan-museum-amman-antikenmuseum-basel-und-sammlung-ludwig-23-oktober-2012-bis-17-marz-2013-batra/oclc/818416033|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it was not until the late 19th century that the ruins were systematically approached by archaeological researchers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meijden|first=Ella van der|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/818416033|title=Petra : Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung "PETRA&nbsp;— Wunder in der Wüste : Auf den Spuren von J.L. Burckhardt alias Scheich Ibrahim" : Eine Ausstellung des Antikenmuseums Basel und Sammlung Ludwig in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities/Department of Antiquities of Jordan und dem Jordan Museum, Amman, Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig, 23. Oktober 2012 bis 17. März 2013 = Batrāʼ|date=2012|publisher=Schwabe|others=Meijden, Ella van der., Schmid, Stephan G., Voegelin, Andreas F., Antikenmuseum Basel., Museum Ludwig.|isbn=978-3-7965-2849-1|location=Basel|pages=41|chapter=Reisende und Gelehrte. Die frühe Petra-Forschung nach J. L. Burckhardt|oclc=818416033|access-date=2020-12-08|archive-date=2020-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208135217/https://www.worldcat.org/title/petra-begleitbuch-zur-ausstellung-petra-wunder-in-der-wuste-auf-den-spuren-von-jl-burckhardt-alias-scheich-ibrahim-eine-ausstellung-des-antikenmuseums-basel-und-sammlung-ludwig-in-zusammenarbeit-mit-dem-ministry-of-tourism-and-antiquitiesdepartment-of-antiquities-of-jordan-und-dem-jordan-museum-amman-antikenmuseum-basel-und-sammlung-ludwig-23-oktober-2012-bis-17-marz-2013-batra/oclc/818416033|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then regular archaeological excavations<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2020|title=Visit Petra|url=https://www.visitpetra.jo/Pages/viewpage.aspx?pageID=128|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208221131/http://www.visitpetra.jo/Pages/viewpage.aspx?pageID=128|archive-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> and ongoing research on the Nabataean culture have been part of today's UNESCO world cultural heritage site Petra.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2020|title=Culture in Crisis: Flows of Peoples, Artifacts and Ideas, ICHAJ 14|url=http://ichaj.org.10-0-0-4.mint.imagine.com.jo/Documents/4683f707-942d-4a95-a50d-45093964b11b.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208135216/http://ichaj.org.10-0-0-4.mint.imagine.com.jo/Documents/4683f707-942d-4a95-a50d-45093964b11b.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2020|website=CAMNES- Center for Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies}}</ref> Through the excavations in the Petra Archaeological Park an increasing number of Nabataean cultural heritage is being exposed to environmental impact. A central issue is the management of water impacting the built heritage and the rock hewn facades.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Wedekind|first=Wanja|date=2005|title=Preventive Conservation for the Protection of the sandstone Facades in Petra/Jordan|journal= Bulletin -- Journal of Conservation-Restoration|volume= 16| issue = 1 (60)|pages=48–53}}</ref> The large number of discoveries and the exposure of structures and findings demand conservation measures respecting the interlinkage between the natural landscape and cultural heritage, as especially this connection is a central challenge at the UNECSO World Heritage Site.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Kühlenthal, Michael.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44937402|title=Petra : die Restaurierung der Grabfassaden = The restoration of the rockcut tomb facades|date=2000|publisher=Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege|others=Fischer, Helge., Germany. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung.|isbn=3-87490-707-4|location=München|oclc=44937402|access-date=2020-12-08|archive-date=2020-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208135243/https://www.worldcat.org/title/petra-die-restaurierung-der-grabfassaden-the-restoration-of-the-rockcut-tomb-facades/oclc/44937402|url-status=live}}</ref>

In recent years different conservation campaigns and projects were established at the cultural heritage site of Petra.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bala‟awi|first1=Fadi|last2=Waheeb|first2=Mohammed|last3=Alshawabkeh|first3=Yahya|last4=Alawneh|first4=Firas|title=Conservation work at Petra: What had been done and what is needed|url=https://eis.hu.edu.jo/deanshipfiles/conf10591605.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212111657/http://www.eis.hu.edu.jo/deanshipfiles/conf10591605.pdf|archive-date=12 February 2013|access-date=8 December 2020|publisher=Queen Rania's Institute of Tourism and Heritage Hashemite University}}</ref> The main works first focussed on the entrance situation of the Siq to protect tourists and to facilitate access. Also, different projects for conservation and conservation research were conducted. Following is a list of projects, to be continued.

* 1958 Restoration of the third pillar of the Treasury building ([[Al-Khazneh]]).  This project was funded by the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID)
* 1974–1990 Conservation work in the excavated area of the [[Temple of the Winged Lions|Winged Lions Temple]]
* 1981 Different restoration works by the [[Department of Antiquities (Jordan)|Department of Antiquities of Jordan]]<ref>Zayadine, F., 1981, Recent Excavation & Restoration of the department of Antiquties (1979- 1980), ADAJ (Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Amman- Jordan), Vol. 24. pp: 341-355</ref>
* 1985 Restoration works at the Qasr El Bint Temple by the Department of Antiquities of Jordan<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zayadine|first=F.|date=1986|title=Recent Excavation & Restoration at Qasr El Bint of Petra|journal=ADAJ (Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Amman- Jordan)|volume=29|pages=239–249}}</ref>
* 1990–1998 Excavation and Conservation of the Byzantine Church by the American Centre of Research (ACOR)
* 1992–2002 Conservation and Restoration Center in Petra CARCIP, German GTZ Project.<ref name=":02" />
* 1993–2000 Excavation, conservation and restoration of the Great Temple, funded by the Brown University, USA.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joukowsky|first=M.|date=1999|title=The Brown University 1998 Excavations at The Petra Great Temple|journal=ADAJ (Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Amman- Jordan)|volume=43|pages=195–222}}</ref>
* 1996 onwards, Restoration of the [[Siq]] and rehabilitation of the Siq floor by the Petra National Trust foundet by the Jordanian-Swiss counterpart Fund, the [[Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|Swiss Agency for Development]] and the [[World Monuments Fund]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 December 2020|title=Petra National Trust|url=http://petranationaltrust.org/SubDefault.aspx?PageId=186&MenuId=19|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307031138/http://petranationaltrust.org/SubDefault.aspx?PageId=186&MenuId=19|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2001 Restoration of the altar in front of the Casr Bint Firaun by UNESCO
* 2003 Development of a conservation and maintenance plan of the ancient drainage systems to protect the rock-cut facades<ref name=":2" />
* 2003–2017 Evaluation of desalination and restoration at the tomb facades<ref>W. Wedekind, H. Fischer: ''Salt weathering and the evaluation of desalination and restoration in Petra/Jordan.'' In: Laue, S. (Hrsg.) ''SWBSS 2017 4th International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,'' 20–22 September 2017&nbsp;– Potsdam, Potsdam 2017, pp: 190–299.</ref>
* 2006–2010 Preservation and consolidation of the Wall Paintings in Siq al Barid by the Petra National Trust in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities of Jordan and the [[Courtauld Institute of Art]] (London).
* 2009 onwards, renewed effort to preserve and rehabilitate the [[Temple of the Winged Lions|Winged Lions Temple]] by The Temple of the Winged Lions Cultural Management (TWLCRM) Initiative, the Petra Archaeological Park (PAP) and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan
* 2016–2019 Characterisation and Conservation of Paintings on Walls and Sculpture from Nabataean Petra "The Petra Painting Conservation Project (PPCP)",<ref>{{Cite web|title=CICS&nbsp;– Petra Painting Conservation Project&nbsp;– Workshop 2019&nbsp;– TH Köln|url=https://www.th-koeln.de/en/cics---petra-painting-conservation-project---workshop-2019_64865.php|access-date=2020-12-08|website=www.th-koeln.de|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208135219/https://www.th-koeln.de/en/cics---petra-painting-conservation-project---workshop-2019_64865.php|url-status=live}}</ref> funded by the [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|German Research Foundation]] (Project number 285789434).<ref>{{Cite web|title=DFG&nbsp;– GEPRIS&nbsp;– Characterisation and Conservation of Paintings on Walls and Sculpture from Nabataean Petra|url=https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/285789434?language=en|access-date=2020-12-08|website=gepris.dfg.de|archive-date=2020-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208135253/https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/285789434?language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>