Editing Pesticide (section)

===Environmental effects===
{{Main|Environmental effects of pesticides}}
Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil.<ref name="sustaining"/> [[Pesticide drift]] occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides are one of the causes of [[water pollution]], and some pesticides were [[persistent organic pollutants]] (now banned), which contribute to [[soil contamination|soil]] and flower (pollen, nectar) contamination.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=A survey of honey bee-collected pollen reveals widespread contamination by agricultural pesticides |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=615 |pages=208–218 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.226 |pmid=28968582 |year=2018 |last1=Tosi |first1=Simone |last2=Costa |first2=Cecilia |last3=Vesco |first3=Umberto |last4=Quaglia |first4=Giancarlo |last5=Guido |first5=Giovanni |s2cid=19956612}}</ref> Furthermore, pesticide use can adversely impact neighboring agricultural activity, as pests themselves drift to and harm nearby crops that have no pesticide used on them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2020 |title=Soyalism {{!}} DW Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksrc7eI3IMY&t=1459 |website=YouTube |location=Brazil |type=AV media}}</ref>

In addition, pesticide use reduces invertebrate [[biodiversity]] in streams,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liess |first1=Matthias |last2=Liebmann |first2=Liana |last3=Vormeier |first3=Philipp |last4=Weisner |first4=Oliver |last5=Altenburger |first5=Rolf |last6=Borchardt |first6=Dietrich |last7=Brack |first7=Werner |last8=Chatzinotas |first8=Antonis |last9=Escher |first9=Beate |last10=Foit |first10=Kaarina |last11=Gunold |first11=Roman |last12=Henz |first12=Sebastian |last13=Hitzfeld |first13=Kristina L. |last14=Schmitt-Jansen |first14=Mechthild |last15=Kamjunke |first15=Norbert |date=2021-08-01 |title=Pesticides are the dominant stressors for vulnerable insects in lowland streams |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135421004607 |journal=Water Research |volume=201 |pages=117262 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2021.117262 |pmid=34118650 |bibcode=2021WatRe.20117262L |issn=0043-1354}}</ref> contributes to [[pollinator decline]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dicks |first1=Lynn V. |last2=Breeze |first2=Tom D. |last3=Ngo |first3=Hien T. |last4=Senapathi |first4=Deepa |last5=An |first5=Jiandong |last6=Aizen |first6=Marcelo A. |last7=Basu |first7=Parthiba |last8=Buchori |first8=Damayanti |last9=Galetto |first9=Leonardo |last10=Garibaldi |first10=Lucas A. |last11=Gemmill-Herren |first11=Barbara |last12=Howlett |first12=Brad G. |last13=Imperatriz-Fonseca |first13=Vera L. |last14=Johnson |first14=Steven D. |last15=Kovács-Hostyánszki |first15=Anikó |last16=Kwon |first16=Yong Jung |last17=Lattorff |first17=H. Michael G. |last18=Lungharwo |first18=Thingreipi |last19=Seymour |first19=Colleen L. |last20=Vanbergen |first20=Adam J. |last21=Potts |first21=Simon G. |title=A global-scale expert assessment of drivers and risks associated with pollinator decline |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |date=16 August 2021 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1453–1461 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01534-9 |pmid=34400826 |bibcode=2021NatEE...5.1453D |s2cid=237148742 |url=http://rid.unrn.edu.ar/handle/20.500.12049/7526}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goulson |first1=Dave |last2=Nicholls |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Botías |first3=Cristina |last4=Rotheray |first4=Ellen L. |title=Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers |journal=Science |date=27 March 2015 |volume=347 |issue=6229 |pages=1255957 |doi=10.1126/science.1255957 |pmid=25721506 |s2cid=206558985 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wells |first=Matt |title=Vanishing bees threaten U.S. crops |date=March 11, 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6438373.stm |access-date=2007-09-19 |website=[[BBC News]] |location=London}}</ref> destroys habitat (especially for birds),<ref name="palmerw">{{cite web |vauthors=Palmer WE, Bromley PT, Brandenburg RL |url=http://ipm.ncsu.edu/wildlife/peanuts_wildlife.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217024025/http://ipm.ncsu.edu/wildlife/peanuts_wildlife.html |archive-date=17 February 2008 |title=Wildlife & Pesticides – Peanuts |publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service |access-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> and threatens [[endangered species]].<ref name="sustaining"/> Pests can develop a resistance to the pesticide ([[pesticide resistance]]), necessitating a new pesticide. Alternatively a greater dose of the pesticide can be used to counteract the resistance, although this will cause a worsening of the ambient pollution problem.

The [[Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants]] banned all [[Persistent organic pollutant|persistent]] pesticides,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) |url=https://www.pops.int/ |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 2005 |title=Ridding The World of Pops: A Guide to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants |url=http://www.pops.int/documents/guidance/beg_guide.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315065236/http://www.pops.int/documents/guidance/beg_guide.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme}}</ref> in particular [[DDT]] and other organochlorine pesticides, which were stable and [[Lipophilicity|lipophilic]], and thus able to [[Bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]]<ref name="Castro">{{cite book |last1=Castro |first1=Peter |title=Marine Biology |last2=Huber |first2=Michael E. |date=2010 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. |isbn=978-0-07-352416-0 |edition=8th |location=New York |oclc=488863548 }}</ref> in the body and the [[Biomagnification|food chain]]. and which [[Global distillation|spread throughout the planet]].<ref name="pubs.caes.uga.edu">Pesticide Usage in the United States: History, Benefits, Risks, and Trends; Bulletin 1121, November 2000, K.S. Delaplane, Cooperative Extension Service, The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences {{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/B1121.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613142901/http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubs/PDF/B1121.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2012-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |type=MSc Thesis |last=Quinn |first=Amie L. |year=2007 |url=http://opus.uleth.ca/handle/10133/676 |title=The impacts of agricultural chemicals and temperature on the physiological stress response in fish |publisher=University of Lethbridge |location=Lethbridge}}</ref>  Persistent pesticides are no longer used for agriculture, and will not be approved by the authorities.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Because the half life in soil is long (for DDT 2–15 years<ref name="National Biomonitoring Program">{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=National Biomonitoring Program |url=https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/DDT_BiomonitoringSummary.html |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=Center for disease control and prevention}}</ref>) residues can still be detected in humans at levels 5 to 10 times lower than found in the 1970s.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Factsheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/DDT_FactSheet.html |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=Center for disease control and prevention}}</ref>

Pesticides now have to be [[Pesticide degradation|degradable]] in the environment. Such degradation of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sims GK, Cupples AM |year=1999 |title=Factors controlling degradation of pesticides in soil |journal=Pesticide Science |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=598–601 |issn=1096-9063 |doi= 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199905)55:5<598::AID-PS962>3.0.CO;2-N}}</ref> For example, the presence of [[halogens]] within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sims GK, Sommers LE |year=1986 |title=Biodegradation of pyridine derivatives in soil suspensions |journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |volume=5 |issue=6| pages=503–509 |doi=10.1897/1552-8618(1986)5[503:bopdis]2.0.co;2}}</ref> [[Adsorption]] to soil may retard pesticide movement, but also may reduce [[bioavailability]] to microbial degraders.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wolt JD, Smith JK, Sims JK, Duebelbeis DO |year=1996 |title=Products and kinetics of cloramsulam-methyl aerobic soil metabolism |journal=J. Agric. Food Chem. |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=324–332 |doi=10.1021/jf9503570|bibcode=1996JAFC...44..324W }}</ref>

Pesticide contamination in the environment can be monitored through [[bioindicator]]s such as [[bee]] [[pollinator]]s.<ref name=":6" />