Editing Patent (section)

=== Anti-patent initiatives ===
* [[Criticism of patents#Pharmaceutical patents|Patents on expensive medications]] are often used as examples that can highlight the inadequacy of patent-based mechanisms. One workaround solution that has been applied by South Africa in the past is passing explained domestic law that gives the state the right to import inexpensive generic versions without permission and wait for international regulations and incentive-systems to get upgraded at a later point.<ref>{{cite news |title=There's a Precedent for Overriding Patents on Vital Medications |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-11/aids-drugs-in-south-africa-shows-precedent-for-overriding-patents-on-medications |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=Bloomberg |archive-date=2023-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828081826/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-11/aids-drugs-in-south-africa-shows-precedent-for-overriding-patents-on-medications |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Amin |first1=Tahir |title=High drug prices caused by US patent system, not 'foreign freeloaders' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/25/high-drug-prices-caused-by-us-patent-system.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=CNBC |date=27 June 2018 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123175528/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/25/high-drug-prices-caused-by-us-patent-system.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vincent Rajkumar |first1=S. |title=The high cost of prescription drugs: causes and solutions |journal=Blood Cancer Journal |date=23 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=6 |page=71 |doi=10.1038/s41408-020-0338-x|pmid=32576816 | pmc=7311400 |language=en |issn=2044-5385}}</ref>
* In 2020, multiple initiatives, including by India and South Africa, called for a waiver of [[TRIPS Agreement|TRIPS]] vaccine patents for accelerated [[deployment of COVID-19 vaccines]] around the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=WTO again fails to agree on Covid vaccine patent waiver |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-10-wto-covid-vaccine-patent-waiver.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116164227/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-10-wto-covid-vaccine-patent-waiver.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, no mechanisms of alternative medical [[research and development]] incentive-systems<ref name="10.1136/bmj.n2375"/> or technical details of proposed "sharing" after certain amounts of profit<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada lacks 'political will' to waive COVID-19 vaccine patents, Bolivian minister says {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8243635/bolivian-minister-canada-covid-vaccine-waiver/ |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=Global News |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115211759/https://globalnews.ca/news/8243635/bolivian-minister-canada-covid-vaccine-waiver/ |url-status=live }}</ref> were reported and some argue that, instead of intellectual property rights, manufacturing know-how is the main barrier to expanding capacity.<ref name="10.1136/bmj.n2375">{{cite journal |last1=Feinmann |first1=Jane |title=Covid-19: global vaccine production is a mess and shortages are down to more than just hoarding |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj.n2375 |journal=BMJ |access-date=16 November 2021 |page=n2375 |language=en |doi=10.1136/bmj.n2375 |date=28 October 2021 |volume=375 |pmid=34711605 |s2cid=240001631 |doi-access=free |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116164227/https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj.n2375 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[Patent Busting Project]] is an [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF) initiative challenging patents that the organization claims are illegitimate and suppress innovation or limit online expression. The initiative launched in 2004 and involves two phases: documenting the damage caused by these patents,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patent Busting Project|url=https://www.eff.org/patent-busting|access-date=2020-06-10|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation|language=en|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806032230/https://www.eff.org/patent-busting|url-status=dead}}</ref> and submitting challenges to the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] (USPTO).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/188718/article.html|title=Patent Office to Review VoIP Patent|date=2010-02-05|website=PCWorld|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927225408/http://www.pcworld.com/article/188718/article.html|archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2007/05/novell-signs-on-to-eff-patent-busting-project/|title=Novell signs on to EFF patent busting project|date=2007-05-23|website=arstechnica.com|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022032224/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2007/05/novell-signs-on-to-eff-patent-busting-project/|archive-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>
* Patent critic, [[Joseph Stiglitz]] has proposed [[Prizes as an alternative to patents]] in order to further advance solutions to global problems such as AIDS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nalebuff |first1=Barry J. |last2=Stiglitz |first2=Joseph E. |year=1983 |title=Prizes and Incentives: Towards a General Theory of Compensation and Competition |journal=The Bell Journal of Economics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=21–43 |doi=10.2307/3003535 |jstor=3003535|url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D86D63XN/download }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | doi=10.1016/s1573-4471(88)01008-3|chapter= Economic organization, information, and development| volume=1| pages=93–160|year = 1988|last1 = Stiglitz|first1 = Joseph E.| isbn=978-0444703378|title= Handbook of Development Economics|series= <!-- Handbook of Development Economics -->}}</ref>
* In 2012, [[Stack Exchange]] launched Ask Patents, a forum for crowdsourcing prior art to invalidate patents.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/09/patent-busting-crowdsourced/|title=Open Season on Patents Starts Thursday, Thanks to Crowdsourced Platform|date=2012-09-20|magazine=Wired|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021215931/https://www.wired.com/2012/09/patent-busting-crowdsourced/|archive-date=21 October 2017|last1=Singel|first1=Ryan}}</ref>
* Several authors have argued for developing defensive [[prior art]] to prevent patenting based on obviousness using lists<ref name="chin1">{{cite journal |first=Andrew |last=Chin|url=http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/artfulpriorart.pdf |title=Artful prior art and the quality of DNA patents |journal=Alabama Law Review |volume=57 |year=2005 |page=975 |access-date=2016-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017074432/http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/artfulpriorart.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-17 }}</ref> or algorithms.<ref name="3dp">{{Cite journal|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02111333/file/A_Novel_Approach_to_Obviousness_An_Algor.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.wpi.2015.07.003|title=A Novel Approach to Obviousness: An Algorithm for Identifying Prior Art Concerning 3-D Printing Materials|journal=World Patent Information|volume=42|pages=13–18|last1=Pearce|first1=Joshua|year=2015|bibcode=2015WPatI..42...13P |s2cid=106963553|access-date=2016-08-20}}</ref> For example, a professor of law at the [[University of North Carolina School of Law]], has demonstrated a method to protect [[DNA]] research,<ref name="chin1" /> which could apply to other technology. Chin wrote an [[algorithm]] to generate 11 million "obvious" nucleotide sequences to count as prior art and his algorithmic approach has already<ref>{{cite journal |first=Andrew |last=Chin |url=http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/printedmatter.pdf |title=Gene Probes As Unpatentable Printed Matter |journal=The Federal Circuit Bar Journal |volume=20 |issue=4|access-date=2016-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017074211/http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/printedmatter.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-17 }}</ref> proven effective at anticipating prior art against oligonucleotide composition claims filed since his publication of the list and has been cited by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|U.S. patent office]] a number of times.<ref name="chin2" /> More recently, [[Joshua Pearce]] developed an [[Open-source model|open-source]] algorithm for identifying prior art for [[3D printing]] materials to make such materials obvious by patent standards.<ref name="3dp" /> As the 3-D printing community is already grappling with legal issues,<ref>[http://www.3ders.org/articles/20151130-what-are-the-legal-aspects-of-3d-printing-a-european-law-firm-weighs-in.html What are the legal aspects of 3D printing? A European law firm weighs in.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913201308/http://www.3ders.org/articles/20151130-what-are-the-legal-aspects-of-3d-printing-a-european-law-firm-weighs-in.html |date=2016-09-13 }} – 3Ders</ref> this development was hotly debated in the technical press.<ref>[http://3dprint.com/103675/3d-print-material-ip-algorithm/ Shots Fired: The 3D Printing Materials IP War Has Begun as Joshua Pearce Releases Algorithm for Obviousness] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818225303/https://3dprint.com/103675/3d-print-material-ip-algorithm/ |date=2016-08-18 }} – 3DPrint</ref><ref>[http://3dprintingindustry.com/2015/11/02/new-algorithm-fights-to-keep-3d-printing-materials-open-to-all/ New Algorithm Fights to Keep 3D Printing Materials Open to All] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524164525/http://3dprintingindustry.com/2015/11/02/new-algorithm-fights-to-keep-3d-printing-materials-open-to-all |date=2016-05-24 }} – 3D Printing Industry</ref><ref>[http://www.3ders.org/articles/20151103-joshua-pearce-algorithm-for-obviousness-to-prevent-3d-printing-material-patents.html Joshua Pearce creates new algorithm for obviousness to prevent 3D printing material patents] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017073721/http://www.3ders.org/articles/20151103-joshua-pearce-algorithm-for-obviousness-to-prevent-3d-printing-material-patents.html |date=2016-10-17 }} – 3ders</ref> Chin made the same algorithm-based obvious argument in DNA probes.<ref name="chin2">{{cite journal |first=Andrew |last=Chin |url=http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/printedmatter.pdf |title=Gene Probes As Unpatentable Printed Matter |journal=The Federal Circuit Bar Journal |volume=20 |issue=4 |year=2010 |page=527 |access-date=2016-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017074211/http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/printedmatter.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-17 }}</ref>
* [[Google]] and other technology companies founded the [[LOT Network]] in 2014 to combat [[Patent troll|patent assertion entities]] by cross-licensing patents, thereby preventing legal action by such entities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Tech-auto-companies-join-forces-to-thwart-patent-6791654.php|title=Tech, auto companies join forces to thwart patent trolls|work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=2016-08-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613094258/http://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Tech-auto-companies-join-forces-to-thwart-patent-6791654.php|archive-date=2016-06-13|date=2016-02-03 |last1=Said |first1=By Carolyn }}</ref>