Editing Palladium (section)

==History==
[[File:Wollaston William Hyde Jackson color.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[William Hyde Wollaston]]]]
[[File:Potw1749a Pallas crop.png|thumb|192x192px|[[Very Large Telescope]] image of [[2 Pallas]], the asteroid after which Palladium was named.]]
[[William Hyde Wollaston]] noted the [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovery]] of a new noble metal in July 1802 in his lab book and named it palladium in August of the same year. He named the element after the asteroid [[2 Pallas]], which had been discovered two months earlier (and which was [[List of former planets|previously considered a planet]]).<ref name="CRC" /> Wollaston purified a quantity of the material and offered it, without naming the discoverer, in a small shop in [[Soho]] in April 1803. After harsh criticism from [[Richard Chenevix (chemist)|Richard Chenevix]], who claimed that palladium was an alloy of platinum and mercury, Wollaston anonymously offered a reward of £20 for 20 grains of synthetic palladium ''alloy''.<ref name="contr">{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00033797800200431 |title=The Wollaston/Chenevix controversy over the elemental nature of palladium: A curious episode in the history of chemistry |date=1978 |last1=Usselman |first1=Melvyn |journal=Annals of Science |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=551–579}}</ref> Chenevix received the [[Copley Medal]] in 1803 after he published his experiments on palladium. Wollaston published the discovery of [[rhodium]] in 1804 and mentions some of his work on palladium.<ref name="Disco">{{cite journal |journal=Platinum Metals Review |title=Rhodium and Palladium – Events Surrounding Its Discovery |author=Griffith, W. P. |volume=47 |issue=4 |date=2003 |pages=175–183 |doi=10.1595/003214003X474175183 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=On a New Metal, Found in Crude Platina |first=W. H. |last=Wollaston |author-link=William Hyde Wollaston |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]] |volume=94 |date=1804 |pages=419–430 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1804.0019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7AZGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He disclosed that he was the discoverer of palladium in a publication in 1805.<ref name="contr" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=On the Discovery of Palladium; With Observations on Other Substances Found with Platina |first=W. H. |last=Wollaston |author-link=William Hyde Wollaston |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]] |volume=95 |date=1805 |pages=316–330 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1805.0024 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Wollaston found palladium in crude platinum ore from [[South America]] by dissolving the ore in [[aqua regia]], neutralizing the solution with [[sodium hydroxide]], and precipitating platinum as [[ammonium chloroplatinate]] with [[ammonium chloride]]. He added [[mercuric cyanide]] to form the compound [[palladium(II) cyanide]], which was heated to extract palladium metal.<ref name="Disco" />

[[Palladium chloride]] was at one time prescribed as a [[tuberculosis]] treatment at the rate of 0.065&nbsp;g per day (approximately one milligram per kilogram of body weight). This treatment had many negative [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side-effects]], and was later replaced by more effective drugs.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Art of Meeting Palladium Specifications in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Produced by Pd-Catalyzed Reactions |first=Christine E. |last=Garrett |author2=Prasad, Kapa |journal=Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis |volume=346 |issue=8 |date=2004 |pages=889–900 |doi=10.1002/adsc.200404071 |s2cid=94929244}}</ref>

Most palladium is used for [[catalytic converter]]s in the automobile industry.<ref name="Kiel" /> Catalytic converters are targets for thieves because they contain palladium and other rare metals. In the run up to year 2000, the Russian supply of palladium to the global market was repeatedly delayed and disrupted; for political reasons, the export quota was not granted on time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lbma.org.uk/assets/5d_Williamson_lbmaconf2003.pdf |title=Russian PGM Stocks |last=Williamson |first=Alan |work=The LBMA Precious Metals Conference 2003 |publisher=The London Bullion Market Association |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021171646/http://www.lbma.org.uk/assets/5d_Williamson_lbmaconf2003.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ensuing market panic drove the price to an all-time high of {{convert|1340|$/ozt|$/g|lk=on}} in January 2001.<ref name="chart-all">{{cite web |url=http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/palladium/all/ |title=Historical Palladium Prices and Price Chart |access-date=2015-01-27 |publisher=InvestmentMine}}</ref> Around that time, the [[Ford Motor Company]], fearing that automobile production would be disrupted by a palladium shortage, stockpiled the metal. When prices fell in early 2001, Ford lost nearly [[US$]]1&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2002 |title=Ford fears first loss in a decade |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1763406.stm |access-date=19 September 2008}}</ref>

World demand for palladium increased from 100 tons in 1990 to nearly 300&nbsp;tons in 2000. The global production of palladium from mines was 222&nbsp;[[tonne]]s in 2006 according to the [[United States Geological Survey]].<ref name="USGS07CS">{{cite web |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/platimcs07.pdf |title=Platinum-Group Metals |date=January 2007 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> Many were concerned about a steady supply of palladium in the wake of Russia's [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]], partly as sanctions could hamper Russian palladium exports; any restrictions on Russian palladium exports could have exacerbated what was already expected to be a large palladium deficit in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nat Rudarakanchana |date=2014-03-27 |title=Palladium Fund Launches in South Africa, As Russian Supply Fears Warm Prices |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/palladium-fund-launches-south-africa-russian-supply-fears-warm-prices-1563708 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Those concerns pushed palladium prices to their highest level since 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/08/20/palladium-prices-russia-conflict-pushes-price-for-commodity-higher.html |title=The other commodity that's leaping on Ukraine war |last=Rosenfeld |first=Everett |date=2014-08-20 |work=CNBC |access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref> In September 2014 they soared above the $900 per ounce mark. In 2016 however palladium cost around $614 per ounce as Russia managed to maintain stable supplies.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-08-30/palladium-rally-is-about-more-than-just-autos |title=Palladium Rally Is About More Than Just Autos |date=2017-08-30 |work=Bloomberg.com |access-date=2018-01-29 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2019 palladium [[Futures contract|futures]] climbed past $1,344 per ounce for the first time on record, mainly due to the strong demand from the automotive industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oilprice.com/Metals/Commodities/Dont-Expect-Palladium-Prices-to-Plunge.html |title=Don't Expect Palladium Prices To Plunge {{!}} OilPrice.com |website=OilPrice.com |language=en |access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref> Palladium reached {{convert|2024.64|$/ozt|$/g}} on 6 January 2020, passing $2,000 per troy ounce the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-precious/gold-soars-as-middle-east-tensions-brew-perfect-storm-idUSKBN1Z50D9 |title=Gold soars as Middle East tensions brew perfect storm |newspaper=Reuters |language=en |access-date=2020-01-06 |date=6 January 2020}}</ref> The price rose above $3,000 per troy ounce in May 2021 and March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/gold-gains-after-russia-attacks-europes-largest-nuclear-plant-2022-03-04/ |title=Palladium tops $3,000/oz as supply fears grow, gold jumps over 1% |first=Brijesh |last=Patel |date=4 March 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>