Editing Nuclear weapon (section)

=== Public opposition ===
{{See also|Nuclear disarmament|International Day against Nuclear Tests}}
[[File:Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8611.jpg|thumb|Protest in Bonn against the [[nuclear arms race]] between the US/NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1981]]
[[File:Essais nucleaires manif.jpg|thumb|right|Demonstration against nuclear testing in [[Lyon]], France, in the 1980s]]

Peace movements emerged in Japan and in 1954 they converged to form a unified "[[Japan Council against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs]]." Japanese opposition to nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific Ocean was widespread, and "an estimated 35 million signatures were collected on petitions calling for bans on nuclear weapons".<ref name=falkj>Jim Falk (1982). ''Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power'', Oxford University Press, pp. 96–97.</ref>

In the United Kingdom, the [[Aldermaston Marches]] organised by the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] (CND) took place at [[Easter]] 1958, when, according to the CND, several thousand people marched for four days from [[Trafalgar Square]], London, to the [[Atomic Weapons Establishment|Atomic Weapons Research Establishment]] close to [[Aldermaston]] in [[Berkshire]], England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons.<ref name=CND>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnduk.org/pages/binfo/hist.html |title=A brief history of CND |publisher=Cnduk.org |access-date=May 30, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040617103503/http://www.cnduk.org/pages/binfo/hist.html |archive-date=June 17, 2004}}</ref><ref name=GuardianUnlimited:1958>{{cite news |work=[[Guardian Unlimited]] |title=Early defections in march to Aldermaston |date=April 5, 1958 |url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1950-1959/Story/0,,105488,00.html |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008112515/http://century.guardian.co.uk/1950-1959/Story/0,,105488,00.html |archive-date=October 8, 2006}}</ref> The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches.<ref name=falkj />

In 1959, a letter in the ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' was the start of a successful campaign to stop the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] dumping [[radioactive waste]] in the sea 19 kilometres from [[Boston]].<ref>Jim Falk (1982). ''Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power'', Oxford University Press, p. 93.</ref> In 1962, [[Linus Pauling]] won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his work to stop the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, and the "Ban the Bomb" movement spread.<ref name="brown" />

In 1963, many countries ratified the [[Partial Test Ban Treaty]] prohibiting atmospheric nuclear testing. Radioactive fallout became less of an issue and the anti-nuclear weapons movement went into decline for some years.<ref name=rudig2 /><ref>Jim Falk (1982). ''Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power'', Oxford University Press, p. 98.</ref> A resurgence of interest occurred amid European and American [[Radiophobia|fears of nuclear war]] in the 1980s.<ref>Spencer Weart, ''Nuclear Fear: A History of Images'' (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1988), chapters 16 and 19.</ref>