Editing Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (section)

==Folklore and pantheism==
Rimsky-Korsakov may have saved the most personal side of his creativity for his approach to Russian folklore. Folklorism as practiced by Balakirev and the other members of The Five had been based largely on the ''protyazhnaya'' dance song.<ref name="maes187"/> ''Protyazhnaya'' literally meant "drawn-out song", or [[melisma]]tically elaborated lyric song.<ref name="maes65"/> The characteristics of this song exhibit extreme rhythmic flexibility, an [[Symmetry#In music|asymmetrical]] phrase structure and tonal ambiguity.<ref name="maes65">Maes, p. 65.</ref> After composing ''May Night'', Rimsky-Korsakov was increasingly drawn to "calendar songs", which were written for specific ritual occasions. The ties to folk culture was what interested him most in folk music, even in his days with The Five; these songs formed a part of rural customs, echoed old Slavic paganism and the [[pantheism|pantheistic]] world of folk rites.<ref name="maes187"/> Rimsky-Korsakov wrote that his interest in these songs was heightened by his study of them while compiling his folk song collections.<ref>Rimsky-Korsakov, ''My Musical Life'', pp. 165–166.</ref> He wrote that he "was captivated by the poetic side of the cult of sun-worship, and sought its survivals and echoes in both the tunes and the words of the songs. The pictures of the ancient pagan period and spirit loomed before me, as it then seemed, with great clarity, luring me on with the charm of antiquity. These occupations subsequently had a great influence in the direction of my own activity as a composer".<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Rimsky-Korsakov's interest in pantheism was whetted by the folkloristic studies of [[Alexander Afanasyev]].<ref name="maes187"/> That author's standard work, ''The Poetic Outlook on Nature by the Slavs'', became Rimsky-Korsakov's pantheistic bible. The composer first applied Afanasyev's ideas in ''May Night'', in which he helped fill out Gogol's story by using folk dances and calendar songs.<ref name="maes187"/> He went further down this path in ''The Snow Maiden'',<ref name="maes187">Maes, p. 187.</ref> where he made extensive use of seasonal calendar songs and ''khorovodi'' (ceremonial dances) in the folk tradition.<ref name="maes188">Maes, p. 188.</ref>

[[Musicology|Musicologists]] and [[Slavic Studies|Slavicists]] have long recognized that Rimsky-Korsakov was an ecumenical artist whose folklore-inspired operas take up such issues as the relationship between [[paganism]] and Christianity and the seventeenth-century schism in the Orthodox Church.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=900592|title=Review of The Complete Sacred Choral Works|first=Simon|last=Morrison|date=1 January 2002|journal=Notes|volume=58|issue=4|pages=939–942|doi=10.1353/not.2002.0087|s2cid=191647981}}</ref>