Editing Nanotechnology (section)

==Implications==
{{Main|Implications of nanotechnology}}

One concern is the effect that industrial-scale manufacturing and use of nanomaterials will have on human health and the environment, as suggested by [[nanotoxicology]] research. For these reasons, some groups advocate that nanotechnology be regulated. However, regulation might stifle scientific research and the development of beneficial innovations. [[Public health]] research agencies, such as the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] research potential health effects stemming from exposures to nanoparticles.<ref name="niosh">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/?s_cid=3ni7d2ms082915|title=Nanotechnology |work=NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic|publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|date=June 15, 2012|access-date=2012-08-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904005250/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/?s_cid=3ni7d2ms082915|archive-date=September 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="nioshnano">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-101/|journal=NIOSH Publications and Products |title=Filling the Knowledge Gaps for Safe Nanotechnology in the Workplace|publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|date=November 7, 2012|access-date=2012-11-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111211819/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-101/|archive-date=November 11, 2012|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013101|doi-access=free |id=2013-101}}</ref>

Nanoparticle products may have [[unintended consequences]]. Researchers have discovered that [[bacteriostatic]] silver nanoparticles used in socks to reduce foot odor are released in the wash.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lubick N | title = Silver socks have cloudy lining | journal = Environmental Science & Technology | volume = 42 | issue = 11 | pages = 3910 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18589943 | doi = 10.1021/es0871199 | s2cid = 26887347 | bibcode = 2008EnST...42.3910L }}</ref> These particles are then flushed into the wastewater stream and may destroy bacteria that are critical components of natural ecosystems, farms, and waste treatment processes.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Murray RG | chapter = A Perspective on S-Layer Research | date = 1993 | veditors = Beveridge TJ, Koval SF | title = Advances in Bacterial Paracrystalline Surface Layers | publisher = Plenum Press | isbn = 978-0-306-44582-8 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4757-9032-0_1 | pages = 3–9 }}</ref>

Public deliberations on [[risk perception]] in the US and UK carried out by the Center for Nanotechnology in Society found that participants were more positive about nanotechnologies for energy applications than for health applications, with health applications raising moral and ethical dilemmas such as cost and availability.<ref name="harthorn">{{cite web| vauthors = Harthorn BH |date=2009-01-23|url=http://nanotechnologytoday.blogspot.com/2009/01/people-in-us-and-uk-show-strong.html|title=People in the US and the UK show strong similarities in their attitudes toward nanotechnologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823001736/http://nanotechnologytoday.blogspot.com/2009/01/people-in-us-and-uk-show-strong.html|archive-date=2011-08-23|website=Nanotechnology Today}}</ref>

Experts, including director of the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies David Rejeski, testified<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/successful_commercialization_depends_on/|title=Testimony of David Rejeski for U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064825/http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/successful_commercialization_depends_on/|archive-date=2008-04-08|work=Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies|access-date=2008-03-07}}</ref> that commercialization depends on adequate oversight, risk research strategy, and public engagement. As of 206 [[Berkeley, California]] was the only US city to regulate nanotechnology.<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = DelVecchio R |date=2006-11-24|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/11/24/MNGP9MJ4KI1.DTL|title=Berkeley considering need for nano safety|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902211655/http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-11-24/news/17319373_1_hazardous-materials-nanoparticles-uc-berkeley|archive-date=2010-09-02|website=SFGate }}</ref>

===Health and environmental concerns===
[[File:NIOSH Nano Research - Engineering Controls for Nanomaterial Production and Handling Processes.webm|thumb|A video on the health and safety implications of nanotechnology]]
{{Main|Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials|Pollution from nanomaterials}}
Inhaling airborne nanoparticles and nanofibers may contribute to [[pulmonary disease]]s, e.g. [[fibrosis]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Byrne JD, Baugh JA | title = The significance of nanoparticles in particle-induced pulmonary fibrosis | journal = McGill Journal of Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–50 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18523535 | pmc = 2322933 }}</ref> Researchers found that when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the particles settled in the brain and lungs, which led to significant increases in biomarkers for inflammation and stress response<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Elder A |date=2006-08-03|url=http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/pr/news/story.cfm?id=1191|title=Tiny Inhaled Particles Take Easy Route from Nose to Brain|website=University of Rochester Medical Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123193204/http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=1191|archive-date=2015-01-23}}</ref> and that nanoparticles induce skin aging through oxidative stress in hairless mice.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu J, Liu W, Xue C, Zhou S, Lan F, Bi L, Xu H, Yang X, Zeng FD | title = Toxicity and penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles in hairless mice and porcine skin after subchronic dermal exposure | journal = Toxicology Letters | volume = 191 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–8 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19501137 | doi = 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jonaitis TS, Card JW, Magnuson B | title = Concerns regarding nano-sized titanium dioxide dermal penetration and toxicity study | journal = Toxicology Letters | volume = 192 | issue = 2 | pages = 268–269 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19836437 | doi = 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.10.007 }}</ref>

A two-year study at [[UCLA Fielding School of Public Health|UCLA's School of Public Health]] found lab mice consuming nano-titanium dioxide showed DNA and chromosome damage to a degree "linked to all the big killers of man, namely cancer, heart disease, neurological disease and aging".<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Schneider A |date=2010-03-24|url=http://www.aolnews.com/nanotech/article/amid-nanotechs-dazzling-promise-health-risks-grow/19401235|title=Amid Nanotech's Dazzling Promise, Health Risks Grow|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326130438/http://www.aolnews.com/nanotech/article/amid-nanotechs-dazzling-promise-health-risks-grow/19401235|archive-date=2010-03-26|website=AOL News}}</ref>

A ''[[Nature Nanotechnology]]'' study suggested that some forms of [[carbon nanotube]]s could be as harmful as [[asbestos]] if inhaled in sufficient quantities. [[Anthony Seaton]] of the [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] in Edinburgh, Scotland, who contributed to the article on [[carbon nanotube]]s said "We know that some of them probably have the potential to cause [[mesothelioma]]. So those sorts of materials need to be handled very carefully."<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Weiss R |date=2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/20/AR2008052001331.html?hpid=sec-health&sid=ST2008052100104|title=Effects of Nanotubes May Lead to Cancer, Study Says|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001411/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/20/AR2008052001331.html?hpid=sec-health&sid=ST2008052100104|archive-date=2011-06-29}}</ref> In the absence of specific regulation forthcoming from governments, Paull and Lyons (2008) have called for an exclusion of engineered nanoparticles in food.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Paull J, Lyons K |year=2008 |url=http://orgprints.org/13569/1/13569.pdf|title=Nanotechnology: The Next Challenge for Organics|journal=Journal of Organic Systems|volume=3|pages=3–22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172822/http://orgprints.org/13569/1/13569.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-18}}</ref> A newspaper article reports that workers in a paint factory developed serious lung disease and nanoparticles were found in their lungs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nanoparticles used in paint could kill, research suggests|newspaper=Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/6016639/Nanoparticles-used-in-paint-could-kill-research-suggests.html|location=London| vauthors = Smith R |date=August 19, 2009|access-date=May 19, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315162044/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/6016639/Nanoparticles-used-in-paint-could-kill-research-suggests.html|archive-date=March 15, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-19355196|title=Nanofibres 'may pose health risk'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825143122/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-19355196|archive-date=2012-08-25|website=BBC News|date=2012-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schinwald A, Murphy FA, Prina-Mello A, Poland CA, Byrne F, Movia D, Glass JR, Dickerson JC, Schultz DA, Jeffree CE, Macnee W, Donaldson K | title = The threshold length for fiber-induced acute pleural inflammation: shedding light on the early events in asbestos-induced mesothelioma | journal = Toxicological Sciences | volume = 128 | issue = 2 | pages = 461–470 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22584686 | doi = 10.1093/toxsci/kfs171 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Stix G | date = July 2007 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chronic-inflammation-cancer/ |title=Is Chronic Inflammation the Key to Unlocking the Mysteries of Cancer?| work = [[Scientific American]]}}</ref>