Editing Music of the United States (section)

===Hip hop===
{{Main|Hip hop music}}

[[Hip hop culture|Hip hop]] is a cultural movement, of which music is a part. [[Hip hop music]] for the most part is itself composed of two parts: [[rapping]], the delivery of swift, highly rhythmic and lyrical vocals; and [[DJ]]ing and/or [[music production|producing]], the production of instrumentation through [[sampling (music)|sampling]], [[musical instrument|instrumentation]], [[turntablism]], or [[beatboxing]], the production of musical sounds through vocalized tones.<ref>Garofalo, p. 408–409.</ref> Hip hop arose in the early 1970s in [[The Bronx]], New York City. Jamaican immigrant [[DJ Kool Herc]] is widely regarded as the progenitor of hip hop; he brought with him from Jamaica the practice of [[Deejay (Jamaican)|toasting]] over the rhythms of popular songs. Emcees originally arose to introduce the soul, funk, and R&B songs that the DJs played, and to keep the crowd excited and dancing; over time, the DJs began isolating the percussion break of songs (when the rhythm climaxes), producing a repeated beat that the emcees rapped over.
[[File:Eminem (cropped).jpg|alt=|left|thumb|upright=.9|[[Eminem]] in 1999. He was the best-selling music artist of the 2000s in the United States.]]
Unlike Motown which predicated its mainstream success on the class appeal of its acts that rendered racial identity irrelevant, hip hop of 1980s, particularly hip hop that crossed over to rock-and-roll, was predicated on its (implicit but emphatic) primary identification with black identity.<ref name="Harper 118">{{Cite journal|last=Harper|first=Phillip Brian|date=1989|title=Synesthesia, "Crossover," and Blacks in Popular Music|jstor=466423|journal=Social Text|issue=23|pages=118|doi=10.2307/466423}}</ref> By the beginning of the 1980s, there were popular hip hop songs, and the celebrities of the scene, like [[LL Cool J]], gained mainstream renown. Other performers experimented with politicized lyrics and social awareness, or fused hip hop with jazz, heavy metal, [[techno]], funk and soul. New styles appeared in the latter part of the 1980s, like [[alternative hip hop]] and the closely related [[jazz rap]] fusion, pioneered by rappers like [[De La Soul]].

[[Gangsta rap]] is a kind of hip hop, most importantly characterized by a lyrical focus on macho sexuality, physicality, and a dangerous criminal image.<ref>Werner, p. 290.</ref> Though the origins of gangsta rap can be traced back to the mid-1980s style of Philadelphia's [[Schoolly D]] and the West Coast's [[Ice-T]], the style broadened and came to apply to many different regions in the country, to rappers from New York, such as [[Notorious B.I.G.]] and influential [[hip hop]] group [[Wu-Tang Clan]], and to rappers on the West Coast, such as [[Too Short]] and [[N.W.A]]. A distinctive [[West Coast rap]] scene spawned the early 1990s [[G-funk]] sound, which paired gangsta rap lyrics with a thick and hazy sound, often from 1970s funk [[sampling (music)|samples]]; the best-known proponents were the rappers [[2Pac]], [[Dr. Dre]], [[Ice Cube]], and [[Snoop Dogg]]. Gangsta rap continued to exert a major presence in American popular music through the end of the 1990s and early into the 21st century.

The dominance of gangsta rap in mainstream hip-hop was supplanted in the late-2000s, largely due to the mainstream success of hip-hop artists such as [[Kanye West]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Callahan-Bever, Noah |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2015/09/the-day-kanye-west-killed-gangsta-rap |title=The Day Kanye West Killed Gangsta Rap |work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] |date=2015-09-11 |access-date=2016-02-17}}</ref> The outcome of a highly publicized [[Graduation (album)#Release|sales competition]] between the simultaneous release of his and gangsta rapper [[50 Cent]]'s third studio albums, ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' and ''[[Curtis (50 Cent album)|Curtis]]'' respectively, has since been accredited to the decline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swash |first=Rosie |date=June 13, 2011 |title=Kanye v 50 Cent |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/13/kanye-vs-50-cent |access-date=2011-08-09 |issn=}}</ref> The competition resulted in record-breaking sales performances by both albums and West outsold 50 Cent, selling nearly a million copies of ''Graduation'' in the first week alone.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{cite web |author= Rodriguez, Jayson|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1570001/20070918/west_kanye.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002025402/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1570001/20070918/west_kanye.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 2, 2007|title=Kanye West Pounds 50 Cent In First Week Of Album Showdown |publisher=MTV. Viacom |date=2007-09-19|access-date=2007-09-19}}</ref> Industry observers remark that West's victory over 50 Cent proved that rap music did not have to conform to gangsta-rap conventions in order to be commercially successful.<ref>{{cite web |author=Theisen, Adam|title=Rap's Latest Heavyweight Championship|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/arts/02adam-theisen-kanye-west-kendrick-lamar19|work=[[The Michigan Daily]]|publisher=The Michigan Daily|date=2015-02-18 |access-date=2015-05-08}}</ref> [[File: Pulitzer2018-portraits-kendrick-lamar.jpg|thumb|[[Kendrick Lamar]] was the first rapper to win a [[Pulitzer Prize for Music|Pulitzer Prize]] in [[2018 Pulitzer Prize|2018]]]] West effectively paved the way for a new wave of hip-hop artists, including [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]], [[Kendrick Lamar]] and [[J. Cole]], who did not follow the [[hardcore hip hop|hardcore]]-[[gangsta rap|gangster]] mold and became platinum-selling artists,<ref name="XXL">{{cite journal |author=Detrick, Ben|author-link=XXL (magazine) |title=Reality Check |journal= [[XXL Magazine|XXL]]|date=December 2010 |pages=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=S., Nathan|title=Is Kanye West's ''Graduation'' Album a Masterpiece?|url=http://www.djbooth.net/index/news/entry/2015-05-13-kanye-west-graduation-debate|work=DJBooth.net|publisher=The DJ Booth LLC|date=2015-02-18 |access-date=2015-05-08}}</ref> while the second former won a [[Pulitzer Prize for Music]] in [[2018 Pulitzer Prize|2018]], being the first musician outside the [[classical music|classical]] and [[jazz music|jazz]] genres to be honored.

[[Jay-Z]] became an internationally renowned hip hop icon in the wake of the deaths of [[The Notorious B.I.G.]] and [[Tupac Shakur]] in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bailey|first=Julius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6ZUnXUvpQYC&pg=PA84|title=Jay-Z: Essays on Hip Hop's Philosopher King|publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]|date=February 28, 2011|isbn=978-0-7864-6329-9|page=84}}</ref> [[Kanye West]] was mentored by Jay-Z and produced for him,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pendergast |first1=Sara |last2=Pendergast |first2=Tom |title=Contemporary Black Biography: Profiles from the International Black Community |edition=illustrated |volume=52 |date=January 13, 2006 |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Research]] |location=Farmington Hills, Michigan |isbn=0-7876-7924-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/contemporaryblac0052unse/page/174 174] |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryblac0052unse/page/174 }}</ref> before attaining a similar level of success.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bailey|first=Julius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6ZUnXUvpQYC&pg=PA80|title=Jay-Z: Essays on Hip Hop's Philosopher King|publisher=McFarland|date=February 28, 2011|isbn=978-0-7864-6329-9|page=80}}</ref>

Female rappers [[Nicki Minaj]], [[Cardi B]], [[Saweetie]], [[Doja Cat]], [[Iggy Azalea]], [[City Girls]] and [[Megan Thee Stallion]] also entered the mainstream.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.collegian.psu.edu/arts_and_entertainment/women-in-the-hip-hop-industry-have-made-their-mark-on-the-2010s-opinion/article_64ef3b28-1623-11ea-8355-7ffc7398e246.html|title=Women in the hip-hop industry have made their mark on the 2010s &#124; Opinion|author=Alyshia Hercules|newspaper=[[Daily Collegian]]|access-date=January 16, 2022}}</ref> There are many women that have notably influenced the hip hop culture. However, a few names that cannot go unsaid are MC Sha-rock, [[MC Lyte]], [[Queen Latifah]], [[Lauryn Hill]], [[Missy Elliot]], [[Lil Kim]], [[Erykah Badu]], [[Foxy Brown (rapper)|Foxy Brown]], and many more. Of this list MC Sha-rock is considered the historian/pioneer of female hip-hop culture. She started her career as a break-dancer in the Bronx, New York and later became "The hip-hop's culture's first female emcee/rapper".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography and History of MC Sha-Rock|url=http://mcsharockonline.com/Biography/biography.html|access-date=December 5, 2020|website=mcsharockonline.com}}</ref> Her career has been long-lived. From being a former member of the Funky 4+1 more to having MC rhyming battles with groups such as Grandmaster Flash and Furious 5. Another notable pioneer of female hip-hop is the famous Queen Latifah, Born Dana Elaine Owens in Newark, New Jersey. Queen Latifah started her career from a young age, as early as 17. But, not long after it began it soon took-off. She released her first full-length album, ''All Hail the Queen'', in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pelton|first=Tristan Michael|title=Queen Latifah (1970– )|date=June 16, 2007 |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/queen-latifah-1970/|access-date=December 5, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> As she continued to release music she grew more and more popular, and her fame increased amidst the hip-hop culture. However, Queen Latifah was not an ordinary rapper. She rapped about the issues surrounding being a black woman and overall social injustice issues that appear in the music industry. These early pioneers have led female rap culture and impacted today's popular female hip-hop artists. For example, such popular artists may include Cardi B, Megan Thee Stallion, [[Miss Mulatto]], [[Flo Milli]], [[Cupcakke]] and many others. Each artists has their own identity in the rap game, however as hip-hop evolves so does the style of music. Cardi B's first studio album, ''[[Invasion of Privacy (album)|Invasion of Privacy]]'' (2018), debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200|'' Billboard'' 200]] and was named the number-one female rap album of the 2010s by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''. Critically acclaimed, it made Cardi B the only woman to win the [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Album]] as a solo artist, and marked the first female rap album in fifteen years to be nominated for [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]].