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=== Sources === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite web |title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: philanthropy |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=philanthropy&submit.x=58&submit.y=14 |website=www.ahdictionary.com |publisher=HarperCollins |author=AHD staff |date=2022 }} * {{cite web |author=AHD staff |title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: misanthropy |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=misanthropy |website=www.ahdictionary.com |access-date=5 July 2021 |date=2022a |publisher=HarperCollins }} * {{cite book |last1=Alger |first1=W.R. |title=The Solitudes of Nature and of Man; Or, The Loneliness of Human Life |publisher=Roberts |year=1882 |page=109 }} * {{cite book |last1=Arruzza |first1=Cinzia |last2=Nikulin |first2=Dmitri |title=Philosophy and Political Power in Antiquity |date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004324626 |page=119 |language=en }} * {{cite journal |last1=Aung |first1=SK |title=Loving kindness: the essential Buddhist contribution to primary care. |journal=Humane Health Care International |date=April 1996 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=E12 |pmid=14986605 }} * {{cite book |title=Death by philosophy : the biographical tradition in the life and death of the archaic philosophers Empedocles, Heraclitus, and Democritus |last=Ava |first=Chitwood |date=2004 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0472113887 |pages=80 |oclc=54988783 }} * {{cite book |last1=Babbitt |first1=Irving |title=Rousseau and Romanticism |date=2015 |publisher=Project Gutenberg |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/50235/pg50235-images.html |language=en |chapter=Chapter VII: Romantic Irony }} * {{cite book |last1=Ball |first1=Terence |editor1-last=Blanchfield |editor1-first=Deirdre S. |title=Environmental Encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=Gale / Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1414487366 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/physics/science-general/deep-ecology |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Benatar |first1=David |editor1=S. Hannan |editor2=S. Brennan |editor3=R. Vernon |title=Permissible Progeny?: The Morality of Procreation and Parenting |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199378142 |url= |chapter=The Misanthropic Argument for Anti-natalism |year=2015 |pages=34β64 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199378111.003.0002 }} * {{cite web |last1=Benatar |first1=David |title='We Are Creatures That Should Not Exist': The Theory Of Anti-Natalism |url=http://www.thecritique.com/articles/we-are-creatures-that-should-not-exist-the-theory-of-anti-natalism/ |website=The Critique |access-date=4 July 2021 |language=en |date=15 July 2015a }} * {{cite book |last1=Bolus |first1=Michael Peter |title=Aesthetics and the Cinematic Narrative: An Introduction |date=26 August 2019 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781783089826 |page=24 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Bostrom |first1=Nick |editor1-last=Demeny |editor1-first=Paul George |editor2-last=McNicoll |editor2-first=Geoffrey |title=Encyclopedia of Population |date=2003 |publisher=Macmillan Reference |isbn=978-0028656779 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/extinction-human |language=en |chapter=Extinction, Human }} * {{cite book |last1=Byrne |first1=James M. |title=Religion and the Enlightenment: From Descartes to Kant |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=9780664257606 |page=112 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Catholic University of America |title=New Catholic Encyclopedia |date=1967 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=9780787639990 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/early-christianity/agape |language=en |chapter=Agape }} * {{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=Robert |title=Essays moral and economic |date=1847 |publisher=W. & R. Chambers |language=en |page=191 }} * {{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=David E. |title=Animals and Misanthropy |date=2 February 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351583770 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Cornog |first1=Mary W. |title=Merriam-Webster's Vocabulary Builder |date=1998 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=9780877799108 |page=357 |language=en }} * {{cite web |last1=Donohoo |first1=Timothy |title=The Joker Has a Morbidly Hilarious Reason For Not Killing Red Hood |url=https://www.cbr.com/joker-morbid-murder-jason-todd-red-hood/ |website=CBR |language=en |date=6 January 2023 }} * {{cite book |last1=Durst |first1=Dennis L. |title=The Perils of Human Exceptionalism: Elements of a Nineteenth-Century Theological Anthropology |date=2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781666900194 |page=1 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Edyvane |first1=Derek |title=Rejecting Society: Misanthropy, Friendship and Montaigne |journal=Res Publica |date=2013 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=53β65 |doi=10.1007/s11158-012-9206-2 |s2cid=144666876 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/EDYRSM }} * {{cite journal |last1=FernΓ‘ndez |first1=Jordi |title=Schopenhauer's Pessimism |journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |date=2006 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=646β664 |doi=10.1111/j.1933-1592.2006.tb00552.x |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/FERSP-2 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Gerber |first1=Lisa |title=What is So Bad About Misanthropy? |journal=Environmental Ethics |date=2002 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=41β55 |doi=10.5840/enviroethics200224140 |bibcode=2002EnEth..24...41G |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/GERWIS-3 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=Andrew |title=Misanthropy: The Critique of Humanity |date=15 June 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781474293181 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Gilmore |first1=David D. |title=Misogyny: The Male Malady |date=3 August 2010 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812200324 |page=12 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Goodliff |first1=P.W. |title=Shaped for Service: Ministerial Formation and Virtue Ethics |publisher=Lutterworth Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-7188-4736-4 |page=108 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gordijn |first1=Bert |last2=Cutter |first2=Anthony Mark |title=In Pursuit of Nanoethics |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1402068171 |page=123 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Grillaert |first1=Nel |title=What the God-seekers Found in Nietzsche: The Reception of Neitzche's Γbermensch by the Philosophers of the Russian Religious Renaissance |date=2008 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=9789042024809 |page=245 |language=en }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hackforth |first1=R. |title=Moral Evil and Ignorance in Plato's Ethics |journal=Classical Quarterly |date=1946 |volume=40 |issue=3β4 |pages=118β |doi=10.1017/S0009838800023442 |doi-broken-date=28 March 2025 |s2cid=145412342 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/HACMEA }} * {{cite book |last1=Hale |first1=Tom |last2=Thorson |first2=Stephen |title=The Applied Old Testament Commentary |date=2007 |publisher=David C Cook |isbn=9780781448642 |page=46 |language=en }} * {{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Douglas |title=misanthropy |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/misanthropy |website=www.etymonline.com |access-date=4 August 2023 |language=en |date=2019 }} * {{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Joseph |title=Misanthropy in the Age of Reason |date=November 2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192867575 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/misanthropy-in-the-age-of-reason-9780192867575 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Hawcroft |first1=Michael |title=MoliΓ¨re: Reasoning With Fools |date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191527937 |page=132 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Hay |first1=P. R. |title=Main currents in western environmental thought |date=2002 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0253340535 |page=66 }} * {{cite book |last1=Hooghe |first1=M. |last2=Stolle |first2=D. |title=Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative Perspective |date=15 May 2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781403979544 |page=185 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Hurka |first1=Thomas |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/virtues-and-vices/v-2 |chapter=Virtues and vices }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hurka |first1=Thomas |title=Vices as Higher-Level Evils |journal=Utilitas |date=2001 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=195β212 |doi=10.1017/s0953820800003137 |s2cid=145225191 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/THOVAH }} * {{cite book |last1=Jan |first1=K. M. |last2=Firdaus |first2=Shabnam |title=Perspectives on Gulliver's Travels |date=2004 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788126903450 |page=115 |language=en }} * {{cite journal |last1=Jenkins |first1=Scott |title=The Pessimistic Origin of Nietzsche's Thought of Eternal Recurrence |journal=Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy |date=2020 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=20β41 |doi=10.1080/0020174x.2019.1669976 |s2cid=211969776 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/JENTPO-28 }} * {{cite book |last1=Kastenbaum |first1=Robert |title=Encyclopedia of Death and Dying |date=2003 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=9780028656908 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/christianity-general/seven-deadly-sins |chapter=Seven Deadly Sins }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kidd |first1=Ian James |title=From Vices to Corruption to Misanthropy |journal=TheoLogica |date=28 February 2023 |volume=7 |issue=2 |doi=10.14428/thl.v7i2.66863 |s2cid=257266338 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite book |last1=Kidd |first1=Ian James |editor1-last=Birondo |editor1-first=Noell |title=The Moral Psychology of Hate |date=2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1538160862 |pages=75β99 |language=en |chapter=4. Misanthropy and the Hatred of Humanity }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kidd |first1=Ian James |title=Animals, Misanthropy, and Humanity |journal=Journal of Animal Ethics |date=1 April 2020 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=66β72 |doi=10.5406/janimalethics.10.1.0066 |s2cid=219093758 |url=https://philarchive.org/rec/KIDAMA }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kidd |first1=Ian James |title=Humankind, Human Nature, and Misanthropy |journal=Metascience |date=2020a |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=505β508 |doi=10.1007/s11016-020-00562-8 |s2cid=225274682 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/KIDHHN }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kidd |first1=Ian James |title=Philosophical Misanthropy |website=philosophynow.org |date=2020b |issue=139 |url=https://philosophynow.org/issues/139/Philosophical_Misanthropy }} * {{cite book |last1=King |first1=Florence |title=With Charity Toward None: A Fond Look At Misanthropy |date=15 March 1993 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312094140 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Judith Yaross |last2=Bird |first2=John |title=Seeing MAD: Essays on MAD Magazine's Humor and Legacy |date=16 November 2020 |publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=9780826274489 |page=164 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Leslie |first1=John |title=The end of the world: the science and ethics of human extinction |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0203007727 |pages=25β26 }} * {{cite book |last1=Lim |first1=Song Hwee |title=Celluloid Comrades: Representations of Male Homosexuality in Contemporary Chinese Cinemas |date=31 August 2006 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824830779 |page=167 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Litvak |first1=P. |last2=Lerner |first2=J. S. |editor1-last=Sander |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Scherer |editor2-first=Klaus |title=The Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198569633 |pages=89β90 |chapter=cognitive bias }} * {{cite book |last=MacCormack |first=Patricia |title=The Ahuman Manifesto: Activism for the End of the Anthropocene |date=2020 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1350081093 |page=143 |author-link=Patricia MacCormack }} * {{cite journal |last1=Madison |first1=B. J. C. |title=On the Nature of Intellectual Vice |journal=Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective |date=2017 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=1β6 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MADOTN }} * {{cite book |last1=Mahathera |first1=Nyanatiloka |title=Karma and Rebirth |date=1964 |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nyanatiloka/wheel394.html#ch2 |language=en |chapter=II. Kamma and Rebirth }} * {{cite book |last1=Malone |first1=Karen |last2=Truong |first2=Son |last3=Gray |first3=Tonia |title=Reimagining Sustainability in Precarious Times |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-9811025501 |language=en }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Heraclitus_of_Ephesos/ |title=Heraclitus of Ephesus |encyclopedia=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |date=2010-07-14 |access-date=2017-12-08 }} * {{cite news |last=May |first=Todd |author-link=Todd May (philosopher) |date=December 17, 2018 |title=Would Human Extinction Be a Tragedy? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/17/opinion/human-extinction-climate-change.html |quote=Human beings are destroying large parts of the inhabitable earth and causing unimaginable suffering to many of the animals that inhabit it. This is happening through at least three means. First, human contribution to climate change is devastating ecosystems .... Second, the increasing human population is encroaching on ecosystems that would otherwise be intact. Third, factory farming fosters the creation of millions upon millions of animals for whom it offers nothing but suffering and misery before slaughtering them in often barbaric ways. There is no reason to think that those practices are going to diminish any time soon. Quite the opposite. }} * {{cite book |last1=McGraw |first1=Shannon |title=Misanthropy and Criminal Behavior |date=2014 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48504306.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185435/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48504306.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-09 |url-status=live |chapter=1. Introduction |pages=1β2 }} * {{cite web |last1=Menon |first1=Sangeetha |title=Vedanta, Advaita |url=https://iep.utm.edu/adv-veda/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=3 July 2021 |date=2023 }} * {{cite web |title=Definition of Misanthropy |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misanthropy |website=www.merriam-webster.com |access-date=5 July 2021 |language=en |author=Merriam-Webster staff |date=2023 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Metz |first1=Thaddeus |title=Contemporary Anti-Natalism, Featuring Benatar's Better Never to Have Been |journal=South African Journal of Philosophy |date=2012 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1β9 |doi=10.1080/02580136.2012.10751763 |s2cid=143091736 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/METAFD }} * {{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Grace |title=A Christmas Carol: Insight Text Guides |date=2011 |publisher=Insight Publications |isbn=9781921411915 |page=16 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=Diane |title=Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice |date=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313384523 |language=en }} * {{cite journal |last1=Moyal |first1=Georges J.D. |title=On Heraclitus's Misanthropy |journal=Revue de Philosophie Ancienne |date=1989 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=131β148 |jstor=24353851 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24353851 |issn=0771-5420 }} * {{cite book |last1=Navia |first1=Luis E. |title=Classical Cynicism: A Critical Study |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313300158 |language=en }} * {{cite web |title=misanthropy |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/misanthropy |website=www.etymonline.com |access-date=21 July 2021 |language=en |author=OED staff |date=2019 }} * {{cite book |last1=Pirson |first1=Michael |title=Humanistic Management: Protecting Dignity and Promoting Well-Being |date=14 September 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107160729 |page=58 |language=en }} * {{cite journal |last1=Querido |first1=Pedro |title=Andrew Gibson, Misanthropy: The Critique of Humanity |journal=Comparative Critical Studies |date=February 2020 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=152β7 |doi=10.3366/ccs.2020.0349 |hdl=10451/46707 |s2cid=216373633 |language=en |issn=1744-1854 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books-mr-miseryguts-philip-larkins-letters-show-all-the-grim-humour-that-was-a-hallmark-of-his-great-1558190.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books-mr-miseryguts-philip-larkins-letters-show-all-the-grim-humour-that-was-a-hallmark-of-his-great-1558190.html |archive-date=2022-05-15 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Books: Mr Miseryguts: Philip Larkin's letters show all the grim humor that was a hallmark of his great poems, but, as the years pass, they also chart the true depths of his misanthropy and despair |last=Raban |first=Jonathan |newspaper=The Independent |date=October 17, 1992 |access-date=June 18, 2017 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Morris |title=Misanthropy and Political Ideology |journal=American Sociological Review |date=December 1956 |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=690β695 |doi=10.2307/2088419 |jstor=2088419 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Sale |first1=Kirkpatrick |title=Deep Ecology And Its Critics |journal=The Nation |date=14 May 1988 |url=http://www.profcohen.net/reli151/uploads/texts/sale1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006081914/http://www.profcohen.net/reli151/uploads/texts/sale1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-06 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Sarvis |first1=W. |title=Embracing Philanthropic Environmentalism: The Grand Responsibility of Stewardship |publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4766-7736-1 |page=8 }} * {{cite book |last1=Sawaya |first1=Francesca |title=The Difficult Art of Giving: Patronage, Philanthropy, and the American Literary Market |date=15 July 2014 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812290035 |page=207 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Shakespeare |first1=William |title=Timon of Athens |date=3 April 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139835114 |page=208 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=George Bernard |title=Man and Superman, John Bull's Other Island, and Major Barbara |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198828853 |page=xxxii |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Shklar |first1=Judith N. |title=Ordinary Vices |date=1984 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |chapter=5. Misanthropy |page=192 |isbn=978-0674641754 }} * {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Cameron |title=Philosophical Pessimism: A Study In The Philosophy Of Arthur Schopenhauer |date=2014 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SMIPPA-6 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1β3 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Tom W. |title=Factors Relating to Misanthropy in Contemporary American Society |journal=Social Science Research |date=June 1997 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=170β196 |doi=10.1006/ssre.1997.0592 }} * {{cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Robert C. |title=In Defense of Sentimentality |date=26 August 2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198033288 |page=67 |language=en }} * {{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Krithika |last2=Kasturirangan |first2=Rajesh |title=Political ecology, development, and human exceptionalism |journal=Geoforum |date=October 2016 |volume=75 |pages=126β227 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.011 |hdl=20.500.11820/92518b23-6ace-42ed-852a-1cf93f65a898 |s2cid=148390374 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite book |title=The Letters of Gustave Flaubert: 1857-1880 |page=xiv |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1982 |isbn=0674526406 |editor1-last=Steegmuller |editor1-first=Francis }} * {{cite book |last=Stern |first=Paul |title=Socratic Rationalism and Political Philosophy: An Interpretation of Plato's Phaedo |year=1993 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791415733 |page=95 }} * {{cite book |last1=Stibbe |first1=Arran |title=Ecolinguistics: Language, Ecology and the Stories We Live By |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317511908 |page=13 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Svoboda |first1=Toby |title=A Philosophical Defense of Misanthropy |date=29 April 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Limited |isbn=9781032029986 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SVOAPD |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Bron |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Lindsay |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |date=2005 |publisher=Macmillan Reference |isbn=978-0028657349 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/earth-first-0 |language=en }} * {{cite web |last1=Troxell |first1=Mary |title=Schopenhauer, Arthur |url=https://iep.utm.edu/schopenh/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=8 January 2023 |date=2023 }} * {{cite book |last1=Tsakalakis |first1=Thomas |title=Political Correctness: A Sociocultural Black Hole |date=15 October 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000205084 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Villa |first1=Dana |title=Socratic Citizenship |date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691218175 |page=127 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=White |first1=David A. |title=Myth and Metaphysics in Plato's Phaedo |date=1989 |publisher=Susquehanna University Press |isbn=9780945636014 |page=134 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Wilford |first1=Paul T. |last2=Stoner |first2=Samuel A. |title=Kant and the Possibility of Progress: From Modern Hopes to Postmodern Anxieties |date=4 June 2021 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812297799 |pages=42β3 |language=en }} * {{cite web |last1=Wilkerson |first1=Dale |title=Nietzsche, Friedrich: 1. Life |url=https://iep.utm.edu/nietzsch/#H1 |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=8 January 2023 |date=2023 }} * {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=David Lay |title=Rousseau's Platonic Enlightenment |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=9780271045511 |page=147 |language=en }} * {{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Garrath |title=Hobbes, Thomas: Moral and Political Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hobmoral/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=8 January 2023 |date=2023 }} * {{cite book |last1=Yeroulanos |first1=Marinos |title=A Dictionary of Classical Greek Quotations |date=30 June 2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781786730497 |page=203 |language=en }} {{refend}}
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