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===Israel=== Military administrative government was in effect from 1949 to 1966 over some geographical areas of [[Israel]] having large [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab]] populations, primarily the [[Negev]], [[Galilee]], and the [[Triangle (Israel)|Triangle]]. The residents of these areas were subject to martial law.<ref name=Feron>{{cite book|title=Palestine(s): Les déchirures|author=Valerie Féron|publisher=Paris, Editions du Felin|year=2001|isbn=2-86645-391-3}}</ref><ref name=Kodmani-Darwish>{{cite book|title=''La Diaspora Palestinienne''|author=Bassma Kodmani-Darwish|publisher=Paris: Presses Universitaires de France|year=1997|isbn=2-13-048486-7|author-link=Bassma Kodmani}}</ref> The [[Israel Defense Forces]] enforced strict residency rules. Any Arab not registered in a census taken during November 1948 was deported.<ref>"The authorities did not recognise the legality of residence in the country of anyone not registered during the November 1948 census and issued with an identity card or military pass. Anyone who had left the country for any reason before the census, and was not registered and in possession of a card or pass was regarded as an "absentee". If he subsequently infiltrated back into the country (including to his home village), he was regarded "as illegal" and could be summarily deported. The IDF repeatedly raided villages, sorted out legal from illegal residents and, usually, expelled the "returnees."" [[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] (1987) ''The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947–1949.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-33028-9}}. p. 240</ref> Permits from the military governor had to be procured to travel more than a given distance from a person's registered place of residence, and [[curfew]], [[administrative detention]]s, and expulsions were common.<ref name=Feron/> Although the military administration was officially for geographical areas, and not people, its restrictions were seldom enforced on the Jewish residents of these areas. In the early 1950s, martial law ceased to be in effect for those Arab citizens living in predominantly Jewish cities of [[Jaffa]], [[Ramla]], and [[Lod]], constituting a total of approximately 15% of the Arab population of Israel. But military rule remained in place on the remaining Arab population elsewhere within Israel until 1966.<ref>[https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/akevot/deciphering-the-military-rule Join Akevot Research Institute in revealing the story of the Military Rule over Palestinian citizens in Israel 1948-1966]</ref> This period is remembered for its extreme crackdown on political rights, as well as unaccountable military brutality. Most political and civil organization was prohibited. Flying of [[Flag of Palestine|Palestinian flag]], as well as other expressions of Palestinian patriotism were prohibited. Furthermore, despite theoretical guarantee of full political rights, military government personnel frequently made threats against Arabs citizens if they did not vote in elections for the candidates favored by the authorities.<ref>Raz, Adam. [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-how-israel-tormented-arabs-in-its-first-decades-and-tried-to-cover-it-up-1.9433728 How Israel Tormented Arabs in Its First Decades – and Tried to Cover It Up] Haaretz.com. Haaretz, January 9, 2021</ref> Perhaps the most commemorated incidence of military brutality in this time period was the [[Kafr Qasim massacre]] in 1956, in which the [[Israel Border Police]] killed 48 people (19 men, 6 women and 23 children aged 8–17) as they were returning home from work in the evening. The Israeli army had ordered that all Arab villages in the proximity of the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] be placed under curfew. However, this order came into effect before the residents of these localities, including residents of [[Kafr Qasim]], were notified. Following the 1967 war, in which the Israeli army occupied the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza Strip]], the [[Golan Heights]] in Syria, and the [[Sinai Peninsula]] in Egypt, martial law over the [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] population as well as the Jordanian, Syrian, and Egyptian populations in these areas was put in place. In 1993, the [[Oslo I Accord|Oslo I]] agreements facilitated limited self-rule for Palestinians under the [[Palestinian National Authority]]. Officially, only parts of [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]] in the West Bank are under martial law.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Amichai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eY1b5gRgjOIC&pg=PA185 |title=Israel's National Security Law: Political Dynamics and Historical Development|last2=Cohen|first2=Stuart|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-54914-1|language=en}}</ref> During the [[2006 Lebanon war]], martial law was declared by Defense Minister [[Amir Peretz]] over the north of the country. The [[Israel Defense Forces]] were granted the authority to issue instructions to civilians, and to close down offices, schools, camps and factories in cities considered under threat of attack, as well as to impose curfews on cities in the north.<ref name=Jpost>{{cite news |first2=Amir |last2=Mizroch |last1=Katz |first1=Yaakov |date=July 15, 2006 |title=Martial Law Declared in the North |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Martial-law-declared-in-the-North |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> Instructions of the [[Home Front Command]] are obligatory under martial law, rather than merely recommended.<ref name=Jpost/> The order signed by Peretz was in effect for 48 hours<ref name=Jpost/> and was extended by the [[Cabinet of Israel|Cabinet]] and the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee over the war's duration.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}
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